HMI line-of-sight (LOS) synoptic charts showing magnetogram images of solar activity for early and late August 2022 (covering CR2260 & CR2261) highlighting the time periods for the active region days used for the short-term irradiance variability shown in Figure 12. For the SSI variability plot in Figure 12, the maximum and minimum activity periods are defined as SSI averages over ~4 consecutive days for disk-centered times of August 9–12, 2022, and August 23–26, 2022, respectively. (Images courtesy of NASA/SDO and the HMI science team: http://hmi.stanford.edu/data/synoptic.html).