The results of TIE-GCM numerical experiments. In Panels (a–c), the solid lines show the same variables as Panels (a–c) of Figure 2, while the dashed lines show the corresponding results calculated using Eq. (2) that neglects the effect of electron heating. In Panels (d–i), the solid lines show the same variables as Panels (a–f) of Figure 2, while the dashed lines show the corresponding results calculated using Eq. (3) that neglects the effect of ion-neutral frictional heating. Of note, the dashed blue line in Panels (a–c) closely overlaps with the solid blue line. Also, the dashed green line in Panels (a–c) is partly hidden by the red lines.