Ground-based measurements of ionospheric dynamics | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

Space weather effects on GNSS and their mitigation

Open Access

Fig. 4

Comparison of the CDS and the DDM for a different ionospheric conditions. The CDS spectrograms are on background and DDM histograms shown by discrete vertical lines. The upper panel: the spectrogram signal is a thin line. The middle panel: the spectrogram for spread F conditions. The lower panel: the spectrogram shows multiple hop reflections.

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