The measured and modelled E are compared for four example sites (Fig. 1), (top left) 17–18 March 2015 (Kp8) for Site B, (top right) 07 November 2021 (Kp7) for Site C, (bottom left) 21 November 2017 (Kp5) for Site D and (bottom right) 05 May 2018 (Kp5) for Site E. The top subplot compares the measured electric field (gold) to the nowcast model at a 1-minute delay (blue), the middle subplot the measured electric field versus the standard model (black), with the bottom compares the RMS (10-minutes bins) between the models and the measured data.