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All issues Volume 14 (2024) J. Space Weather Space Clim., 14 (2024) 9 Full HTML

Table 2

Comparison of the various TSI series reconstructed from Ca II K data to TSI composites.

TSI reconstruction Period Model type PMOD
 ACRIM
 ROB
 Montillet et al. (2022)
1978–2018 1978–2013 1992–2023 1980–2023
Annual
 Ambelu et al. (2011) 1915–2009 Empirical 0.13 (0.96) 0.33 (0.82) 0.11 (0.97) 0.11 (0.98)
 Foukal (2012) 1915–1999 Empirical 0.14 (0.94) 0.34 (0.80) 0.14 (0.94) 0.09 (0.98)
 Xu et al. (2021) 1907–2016 Empirical 0.14 (0.95) 0.33 (0.84) 0.13 (0.96) 0.13 (0.97)
 Penza et al. (2022) 1893–2001 Empirical 0.14 (0.95) 0.31 (0.85) 0.10 (0.98)* 0.15 (0.95)
 LIRICA 1892–2023 Empirical 0.11 (0.96) 0.33 (0.80) 0.24 (0.79) 0.11 (0.97)
 LIRICI 1996–2022 Empirical 0.14 (0.95) 0.19 (0.90) 0.12 (0.96) 0.11 (0.96)
 Chapman et al. (2013) 1988–2011 Empirical 0.15 (0.94) 0.25 (0.84) 0.09 (0.98) 0.12 (0.96)
 Puiu (2019) 2000–2020 Empirical 0.14 (0.96) 0.23 (0.88) 0.09 (0.97) 0.11 (0.97)
 PHSUM 1996–2022 Empirical 0.10 (0.98) 0.24 (0.86) 0.08 (0.98) 0.08 (0.98)
 SATIRE-Ca Rome/PSPT 1996–2022 Semi-empirical 0.11 (0.96) 0.20 (0.91) 0.11 (0.96) 0.09 (0.97)
 SATIRE-Ca Meudon 1978–2023 Semi-empirical 0.20 (0.89) 0.30 (0.85) 0.09 (0.97) 0.11 (0.97)
 RIM 1998–2022 Semi-empirical 0.12 (0.96) 0.24 (0.89) 0.10 (0.97) 0.12 (0.97)
 Fontenla and Landi (2018) 2002–2017 Semi-empirical 0.24 (0.85) 0.31 (0.69)* 0.22 (0.89) 0.25 (0.89)
Monthly
 Xu et al. (2021) 1907–2016 Empirical 0.24 (0.82) 0.38 (0.76) 0.20 (0.87) 0.26 (0.81)
 Penza et al. (2022) 1893–2001 Empirical 0.26 (0.85) 0.37 (0.80) 0.17 (0.93)* 0.32 (0.79)
 LIRICA 1892–2023 Empirical 0.19 (0.90) 0.37 (0.76) 0.15 (0.93) 0.20 (0.90)
 LIRICI 1996–2022 Empirical 0.34 (0.74) 0.34 (0.77) 0.29 (0.78) 0.24 (0.86)
 Puiu (2019) 2000–2020 Empirical 0.13 (0.96) 0.23 (0.89) 0.10 (0.97) 0.13 (0.96)
 PHSUM 1996–2022 Empirical 0.12 (0.96) 0.26 (0.86) 0.10 (0.97) 0.12 (0.96)
 SATIRE-Ca Rome/PSPT 1996–2022 Semi-empirical 0.16 (0.93) 0.26 (0.86) 0.15 (0.94) 0.15 (0.94)
 SATIRE-Ca Meudon 1978–2023 Semi-empirical 0.18 (0.92) 0.34 (0.82) 0.13 (0.95) 0.19 (0.91)
 RIM 1998–2022 Semi-empirical 0.22 (0.88) 0.31 (0.82) 0.18 (0.90) 0.20 (0.90)
Daily
 Puiu (2019) 2000–2020 Empirical 0.20 (0.92) 0.32 (0.82) 0.18 (0.93) 0.21 (0.90)
 PHSUM 1996–2022 Empirical 0.16 (0.95) 0.31 (0.84) 0.14 (0.96) 0.21 (0.91)
 SATIRE-Ca Rome/PSPT 1996–2022 Semi-empirical 0.21 (0.92) 0.34 (0.80) 0.18 (0.93) 0.25 (0.87)
 SATIRE-Ca Meudon 1978–2023 Semi-empirical 0.27 (0.88) 0.46 (0.71) 0.21 (0.91) 0.33 (0.80)
 RIM 1998–2022 Semi-empirical 0.40 (0.70) 0.44 (0.68) 0.36 (0.72) 0.33 (0.77)

Note. Shown are RMS differences [Wm−2] and the linear correlation coefficient, R, in parentheses. In order to compute the RMS differences unaffected by potential differences in the absolute levels of the various series, they were all offset to match their mean value to that of the respective TSI composite over their overlapping period. The comparisons are made for annual values (top group), monthly means (middle group), and daily values (lower group). The values marked with an asterisk are derived with an overlap of less than 10 years and are thus less reliable. Under the names of the TSI composites, we also list the period covered by them, to remind that the comparisons were done over different periods. See Section 4.2 for the description of the LIRICA and LIRICI reconstructions, which are produced in this study.

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