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Table 2.
The mean errors (ME in MHz), the normalized RMSE (e.g. 0.48 represents a RMSE of 48%) and the standard deviation (SD in MHz) comparing the monthly median (MM), the persistence (Per-1 and Per-24) and models’ predictions with ionosonde observations.
| MM | Per-1 | Per-24 | GCAM |
SWIF |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prediction step (hours ahead) |
Prediction step (hours ahead) |
||||||||||||
| 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | ||||
| (A) Middle to high latitudes | |||||||||||||
| ME (MHz) | −1.87 | −0.05 | −0.79 | −0.26 | −0.42 | −0.55 | −0.75 | −0.95 | −0.11 | −0.71 | −0.85 | −0.98 | −1.26 |
| RMSE | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.38 |
| SD (MHz) | 1.08 | 0.49 | 1.02 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.54 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.96 |
| (B) Middle to low latitudes | |||||||||||||
| ME (MHz) | −1.69 | 0.03 | −1.01 | −0.34 | −0.57 | −0.79 | −1.08 | −1.23 | 0.06 | −0.10 | −0.14 | −0.29 | −0.92 |
| RMSE | 0.42 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.29 |
| SD (MHz) | 1.09 | 0.43 | 1.13 | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.71 | 0.76 |
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