Fig. 4.
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The proton flux spectrum, J(E, t) (interpolated between GOES energy channels at 0.1 MeV resolution) during the SPE of April 1998. The rigidity cut-off region at low energies (the black region) is determined from Dmitriev et al. (2010) at the Fort McMurray riometer. The dashed line represents the Smart et al. (1999) cut-off energies.
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