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Table 9
Scientific research related to circumterrestrial and planetary Space Weather in the context of past, current and future space missions with Italian payload contribution.
| Mission | Instrument | Participating Research Institutes in Italy | Observation technique | Type of data | Period covered by the data | Key science goals related to Space Weather |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESA/JAXA | SERENA (Italian PI-ship) | INAF-IAPS et al. | In situ neutral and ionized particle detection | Images and particle flux | October 2018–2026 (nominal mission) | Characterization of the solar wind-driven Space Weather at Mercury |
| BepiColombo | ||||||
| ESA | CIS | INAF-IAPS et al. | In situ proton-alpha and heavy ions detection with Top-Hat electrostatic analyser | Ions 3D distributions | 2001–present (extended to 31st December 2022; subject to a mid-term review in 2020) | 3-D characterization of plasma structures |
| CLUSTER | ||||||
| CNSA | LIMADOU/HEPD | INFN; UNITOV; UNITN et al. | Particle detection | Single particle/particle flux | February 2018–present | Measurement of the increase of the electron and proton fluxes due to short-time perturbations of the radiation belts |
| CSES | ||||||
| CNSA | LIMADOU/EFD | INFN; UNITOV; INAF-IAPS et al. | Electric field detection | Waveform (1 Hz–2 kHz)/Spectrum (1 kHz–5 MHz) | February 2018–present | Measurement of the variation of the ionosphere electric field due to perturbations driven by the solar activity |
| CSES | ||||||
| ESA-CNSA | HIA | INAF-IAPS et al. | In situ ions detection with Top-Hat electrostatic analyser | Ions 3D distributions | 2003–2008 | The data provided by the two Double Star s/c integrated the CLUSTER data, to provide unprecedented multi-point measurements of the near-Earth space. |
| Double Star | ||||||
| NASA (Rocket Program) | SCORE (Italian PI-ship) | INAF-OATo; UNIFI; UNIPD et al. | VL, UV & EUV coronal imaging | VL, UV (H Ly α) & EUV (He II Ly α) Images | 2009 flight | First measurement of the helium abundance and outflow velocity in the solar corona; |
| Herschel | Mapping of the solar wind outflows; | |||||
| Identification of the physical properties of the outer solar corona | ||||||
| ISS | ALTEA | UNITOV et al. | Particle detection | Particle flux LET | August 2006–Novomber 2012, not continuous | Radiation environment measurements in the ISS |
| ISS | AMS-2 | INFN; UNIBO; UNIMI Bicocca; UNIPG; UNIRoma1; UNIPI; UNITN | Particle detection | Particle flux for nuclear species, electron, positrons, anti-protons | May 2011–present (≥2024) | Measurements of cosmic ray flux and composition in the GeV–TeV energy range; |
| Time profile of the energy spectrum and flux intensity for proton and alpha particles, electrons and positrons, heavier nuclei (C, O, …); | ||||||
| Measurements of SEPs. | ||||||
| NASA | JIRAM (Italian leadership) | INAF-IAPS; CNR-ISAC Rome; CNR-ISAC Bologna | Image IR spectrometry | Images and Spectra | 2016–2021 (foreseen) | Investigation of the H3 + aurora at Jupiter |
| JUNO | ||||||
| ESA | ASPIICS | INAF-OATo et al. | Multi-band VL coronol imaging | Launch foreseen in 2021 | Characterization of the solar wind in the inner corona, prominence formation, prominence eruption and CME early evolution | |
| Proba 3 | ||||||
| ESA/NASA | UVCS (Italian CoPI-ship) | UNIFI; UNITO; UNIPD; INAF-OATo; INAF-Arcetri; INAF-OACt; et al. | UV Spectroscopy | Spectra (945–1123 Å, 473–561 Å, 1160–1350 Å) | 1996–2012 24 h/day observations | Identification of the solar wind sources; |
| SOHO | Images (reconstructed from spectral data) | Diagnostics of the solar wind heating and acceleration processes; | ||||
| Investigation of CME evolution in the outer corona and of CME shock front and energetic particle acceleration | ||||||
| ESA | METIS (Italian PI-ship) | INAF-OATo; UNIFI; UNIPD; INAF-OACt; INAF-OAC et al. | VL and UV coronagraph imaging | VL, UV (H Ly α) Images | Launch foreseen in 2020 | Identification of the solar wind sources; |
| Solar Orbiter | Characterization of large scale solar wind properties; | |||||
| Investigation of the origin, evolution and propagation of CMEs | ||||||
| ESA | SWA (Italian CoPI-ship) | INAF-IAPS et al. | In situ electron, proton-alpha and heavy ion detection by Top-Hat electrostatic analyser with deflectors | Ions 3D distributions | Launch foreseen in 2020 | Investigation of solar wind fundamental processes (e.g., acceleration, heating and ICME evolution) and their connection to the Sun’s corona |
| Solar Orbiter | ||||||
| Roscosmos | PAMELA (Italian leadership) | INFN, UNITOV et al. | Particle detection | Particle flux | June 2006–January 2016 | Measurements of SEPs in space; |
| Resurs-DK1 | Reconstruction of proton and helium energy spectra and time profiles |
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