Below the surface velocity inversions, MURaM-QS dataset. Patches of 125 by 125 pixels² extracted from instantaneous transverse velocity field maps which were computed at geometrical depths (top) d = 0 km, (middle) d = 144 km, (bottom) d = 560 km by (left column) the MURaM-QS simulation (Vögler et al., 2005) and (middle column) single-layer output versions of DeepVel. The divergence of the transverse plasma motions (i.e., ∇_t·v_t) is displayed as colored background to emphasize the complexity of the structures that arise at increasing depths. (Right column) Scatterplots comparing amplitudes ||v_D,t|| to ||v_ref,t|| at each geometrical depth. The black line represents the expected solution (i.e., a coefficient of determination R² = 1).