Above the surface velocity inversions, MURaM-ARs dataset. (Left column) Patches of 50 by 50 pixels² extracted from the 30-min-averaged transverse velocity fields v_D,t(τ, t_i) inferred by DeepVel at optical depths (top) τ ≈ 0.1, (middle) τ ≈ 0.01 and (bottom) τ ≈ 0.001. The time-averaged vertical velocity v_ref,z(τ ≈ {0.1, 0.01, 0.001}, t_i) computed by the MURaM-ARs simulation and resampled to the SDO/HMI resolution is displayed as colored background. (Right column) Scatterplots comparing amplitudes ||v_D,t|| to ||v_ref,t||. The black line represents the expected solution (i.e., a coefficient of determination R² = 1).