Below the surface velocity inversions, MURaM-ARs dataset. (a) Patch of 50 by 50 pixels² extracted from the 30-min-averaged transverse velocity field v_D,t(d, t_i) inferred by DeepVel at geometrical depth d = 1000 km. The time-averaged vertical velocity v_ref,z(d = 1000 km, t_i) computed by the MURaM-ARs simulation and resampled to the SDO/HMI resolution is displayed as colored background. (Right column) Scatterplot comparing amplitudes ||v_D,t|| to ||v_ref,t||. The black line represents the expected solution (i.e., a coefficient of determination R² = 1).