Semi-supervised classification of lower-ionospheric perturbations using GNSS radio occultation observations from Spire Global’s Cubesat Constellation | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

Topical Issue - Ionospheric plasma irregularities and their impact on radio systems

Open Access

Fig. 13

Relative density of Es from Spire profiles to total number of profiles gathered globally from 2020/07/23 to 2020/07/30. The Es perturbations are picked up at fairly high rates at mid-latitude in the northern hemisphere (summertime), consistent with sporadic E climatological models.

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