Dipole power (a) and non-dipole power (b) evaluated at Earth’s surface over the last 100 ka, as predicted by five continuous spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models: IMOLEe (Leonhardt et al., 2009), CALS10k.2 (Constable et al., 2016), GGF100k (Panovska et al., 2018b), LSMOD.2 (Korte et al., 2019b), and GGFSS70 (Panovska et al., 2021). Five global and regional excursions are labeled on the top panel a: PB: Post Blake, NGS: Norwegian–Greenland Sea, La: Laschamps, ML: Mono Lake/Auckland, and HP: Hilina Pali. Gray areas indicate the three excursions studied in more detail here: NGS, La, and ML. The time intervals of the model, and models used to calculate Rc100k are given by the color bars at the bottom.