Previous 11 years sliding averages of production and loss coefficients and their ratio for selected stations in comparison with F10.7 including linear regression lines (dashed) over the period 1970–2022 (left and lower panel). Percentage decrease of the same parameters for Juliusruh (upper right panel) referring to 100% at 1970. Units: α [1.67 · 10⁴ m⁻³ s⁻¹ sfu⁻¹], β [5.6 · 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹], α/β [1.3 · 10⁸ m⁻³ sfu⁻¹].