Production and loss coefficients α and β* $=-\beta$, respectively, computed from peak electron density values over Juliusruh at corresponding local sunrise and sunset conditions in the time period 1996–2022 (upper panel). Units: α [10⁴m⁻³s⁻¹/sfu], β [2.5 · 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹]. Production and loss coefficients $\overline{\alpha }$and $\overline{{\beta }^{*}}$, respectively, computed from TEC values over Juliusruh during 1996–2022 (lower panel). To better separate production and loss coefficients, negative values of the loss coefficient $\overline{{\beta }^{*}}=-\overline{\beta }$are plotted. Units: $\overline{\alpha }$[1.5 · 10⁻⁴ mTECU s⁻¹/sfu], $\overline{\beta }$[2.5 · 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹]