Comparison of observed and simulated proton intensities and solar wind plasma parameters for the 12 July 2012 SEP event. The panels correspond to (a) omnidirectional particle intensities, (b) IMF magnitude, (c) solar wind speed and (d) number density. The left figure displays in-situ observational data obtained from the ACE and WIND spacecraft (refer to the text for further details). In contrast, the central and right figures showcase simulation results for Earth’s position and the W25 observer. The vertical lines indicate the arrival of the observed and simulated shock waves at the corresponding observers.