Figure 2

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Ground-based GNSS ROTI observations during 18–05 UT on 23–24 April 2023. The grey shading shows nighttime, and the thick black line is the magnetic equator. The central meridian is 0° and the longitude/latitude grid has a 30° interval. High ROTI values (intense red color) depict strong ionospheric irregularities of equatorial and auroral origin.
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