Table 1
Average (total) observed-to-computed density ratio, standard deviation [%], and correlation coefficient. Scorecard after Bruinsma et al. (2018) of the calculated densities from TLEs of space debris and empirical models compared to densities observed by the GRACE-FO and Swarm A and B spacecraft. Swarm C is omitted because its values are essentially identical to Swarm A’s.
| Model | GRACE-FO | Swarm A | Swarm B |
|---|---|---|---|
| This methoda | 0.82 (0.88) 18.5 0.98 | 0.76 (0.81) 20.5 0.97 | 0.81 (0.90) 20.6 0.98 |
| JB2008b | 0.83 (0.87) 37.4 0.91 | 0.75 (0.80) 22.8 0.98 | 0.80 (0.86) 22.2 0.97 |
| NRLMSISE-00 | 0.58 (0.67) 29.8 0.97 | 0.57 (0.66) 31.3 0.96 | 0.58 (0.70) 32.3 0.96 |
| NRLMSISE 2.0 | 0.65 (0.76) 29.9 0.97 | 0.63 (0.73) 31.0 0.95 | 0.64 (0.78) 32.3 0.96 |
Using βm from JB2008.
Calculated in March 2025.
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