Open Access
| Issue |
J. Space Weather Space Clim.
Volume 16, 2026
Topical Issue - Space Climate: Solar Extremes, Long-Term Variability, and Impacts on Earth’s System
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 12 | |
| Number of page(s) | 13 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2026010 | |
| Published online | 07 May 2026 | |
- Aschwanden MJ. 2004. Physics of the solar Corona: an introduction, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30766-4. [Google Scholar]
- Aschwanden MJ, Boerner P, Ryan D, Caspi A, McTiernan JM, et al. 2015. Global energetics of solar flares. II. Thermal energies. Astrophys J 802(1): 53. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/53. [Google Scholar]
- Bekker S, Milligan RO, Ryakhovsky IA. 2024. The influence of different phases of a solar flare on changes in the total electron content in the earth’s ionosphere. Astrophys J 971(2): 188. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad631d. [Google Scholar]
- Bhatnagar A, Livingston W. 2005. Fundamentals of solar astronomy. World Sci 6: 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1142/5171. [Google Scholar]
- Brekke P, Rottman G, Fontenla J, Judge P. 1996. The ultraviolet spectrum of a 3B class flare observed with SOLSTICE. Astrophys J 468: 418. https://doi.org/10.1086/177701. [Google Scholar]
- Carmichael H. 1964. A Process for Flares. In: AAS–NASA Symposium on the Physics of Solar Flares, Hess WN (Ed.), vol. 50 of NASA Special Publication, NASA, Washington, DC, pp. 451–456. [Google Scholar]
- Cebula R, DeLand M, Schlesinger B. 1992. Estimates of solar variability using the solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) 2 Mg II index from the NOAA 9 satellite. J Geophys Res: Atmosp 97(D11): 11,613–11,620. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00893. [Google Scholar]
- Curdt W, Brekke P, Feldman U, Wilhelm K, Dwivedi B, et al. 2001. The SUMER spectral atlas of solar-disk features. Astron Astrophys 375(2): 591–613. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20010364. [Google Scholar]
- Eparvier F, Crotser D, Jones A, McClintock W, Snow M, et al. 2009. The extreme ultraviolet sensor (EUVS) for GOES-R. In: Solar physics and space weather instrumentation III, vol. 7438, SPIE, pp. 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826445. [Google Scholar]
- Fang H, Wang S, Sheng Z. 2012. HF waves heating ionosphere F-layer. Chin Sci Bull 57(31): 4036–4042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5408-4. [Google Scholar]
- Fletcher L, Dennis B, Hudson H, Krucker S, Phillips K, et al. 2011. An observational overview of solar flares. Space Sci Rev 159: 19–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9701-8. [Google Scholar]
- Gold T, Hoyle F. 1960. On the origin of solar flares. Mon Not Roy Astron Soc 120(2): 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/120.2.89. [Google Scholar]
- Goodman S, Schmit T, Daniels J, Redmon R. 2019. The GOES-R series: A new generation of geostationary environmental satellites. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814327-8.00023-8. [Google Scholar]
- Gosling J, Asbridge J, Bame S, Feldman W. 1976. Solar wind speed variations: 1962–1974. J Geophys Res 81(28): 5061–5070. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i028p05061. [Google Scholar]
- Greatorex H, Milligan R, Chamberlin P. 2023. Observational analysis of Lyα emission in equivalent-magnitude solar flares. Astrophys J 954(2): 120. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acea7f. [Google Scholar]
- Guyer S, Can Z. 2013. Solar flare effects on the ionosphere. In: 2013 6th International conference on recent advances in space technologies (RAST), IEEE, pp. 729–733. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAST.2013.6581305. [Google Scholar]
- Handzo R, Forbes J, Reinisch B. 2014. Ionospheric electron density response to solar flares as viewed by Digisondes. Space Weather 12(4): 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013SW001020. [Google Scholar]
- Heath D, Schlesinger B. 1986. The Mg 280-nm doublet as a monitor of changes in solar ultraviolet irradiance. J Geophys Res: Atmosp 91(D8): 8672–8682. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD08p08672. [Google Scholar]
- Hirayama T. 1974. Theoretical model of flares and prominences: I: Evaporating flare model. Sol Phys 34: 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00153671. [Google Scholar]
- Hudson, H., 1972. Thick-target processes and white-light flares. Sol Phys 24: 414–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00153384. [Google Scholar]
- Hudson H. 2011. Global properties of solar flares. Space Sci Rev: 158(1): 5–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9721-4. [Google Scholar]
- Jafari A, Vishniac E. 2018. Introduction to magnetic reconnection. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1805.01347. [Google Scholar]
- Jing Z, Pan W, Yang Y, Song D, Tian J, et al. 2020. The Lyα emission in solar flares. I. A statistical study on its relationship with the 1–8 Å Soft X-ray emission. Astrophys J 904(1): 41. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbacc. [Google Scholar]
- Kerr G, Simões P, Qiu J, Fletcher L. 2015. IRIS observations of the Mg ii h and k lines during a solar flare. Astron Astrophys 582: A50. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526128. [Google Scholar]
- Kopp R, Pneuman G. 1976. Magnetic reconnection in the corona and the loop prominence phenomenon. Sol Phys 50: 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00206193. [Google Scholar]
- Kretzschmar M. 2017. Temperature dependence of the flare fluence scaling exponent. In: Solar and stellar flares, Springer, pp. 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-015-0783-z. [Google Scholar]
- Le H, Liu L, Chen Y, Wan W. 2013. Statistical analysis of ionospheric responses to solar flares in the solar cycle 23. J Geophys Res: Space Phys 118(1): 576–582. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017934. [Google Scholar]
- Li N, Ding Z, Chen J, Xu Z. 2012. Analysis of ionospheric response to solar flares at Kunming site. In: ISAPE2012, IEEE, pp. 547–550. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAPE.2012.6408829. [Google Scholar]
- Li Y, Li Q, Song D, Battaglia A, Xiao H, et al. 2022. The Lyα Emission in a C1. 4 Solar Flare Observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager aboard Solar Orbiter. Astrophys J 936(2): 142. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac897c. [Google Scholar]
- Machol J, Codrescu S, Peck C. 2021. User’s Guide for GOES-R XRS L2 Products. https://data.ngdc.noaa.gov/platforms/solar-spaceobserving-satellites/goes/goes16/l2/docs/GOES-R_XRS_L2_Data_Users_Guide.pdf. [Google Scholar]
- Machol JL, Eparvier FG, Viereck RA, Woodraska DL, Snow M, et al., 2020. Chapter 19 – GOES-R Series Solar X-ray and Ultraviolet Irradiance. In: The GOES-R Series, Goodman SJ, Schmit TJ, Daniels J, Redmon RJ. (Eds.), Elsevier, pp. 233–242. ISBN 978-0-12-814327-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814327-8.00019-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128143278000196. [Google Scholar]
- MacQueen R, Fisher R. 1983. The kinematics of solar inner coronal transients. Sol Phys 89: 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211955. [Google Scholar]
- McClintock WE, Snow M, Crotser D, Eparvier FG. 2025. High precision, high time-cadence measurements of the Mg II index of solar activity by the GOES-R Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance Sensor 1: EUVS-C design and preflight calibration. J Space Weather Space Clim 15: 12. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2025005. [Google Scholar]
- McClintock WE, Snow M, Eden TD, Eparvier FG, Machol JL, et al. 2025. High precision, high time-cadence measurements of the MgII index of solar activity by the GOES-R Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance Sensor 2: EUVS-C initial flight performance. J Space Weather Space Clim. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2025006. [Google Scholar]
- Milligan R. 2021. Solar irradiance variability due to solar flares observed in Lyman-alpha emission. Sol Phys 296(3): 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01796-3. [Google Scholar]
- Milligan R, Chamberlin P. 2016. Anomalous temporal behaviour of broadband Lyα observations during solar flares from SDO/EVE. Astron Astrophys 587: A123. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526682. [Google Scholar]
- Milligan R, Hudson H, Chamberlin P, Hannah I, Hayes L. 2020. Lyman-alpha variability during solar flares over solar cycle 24 using GOES-15/EUVS-E. Space Weather 18(7): e2019SW002,331. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019SW002331. [Google Scholar]
- Milligan RO, Chamberlin PC, Hudson HS, Woods TN, Mathioudakis M, et al. 2012. Observations of Enhanced Extreme Ultraviolet Continua during an X-Class Solar Flare Using SDO/EVE. Astrophys J Lett 748(1): L14. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/748/1/L14. [Google Scholar]
- Milligan RO, Dennis BR. 2009. Velocity characteristics of evaporated plasma using Hinode/EUV imaging spectrometer. Astrophys J 699(2): 968. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/699/2/968. [Google Scholar]
- Mthethwa A. 2024. Can Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Ultraviolet Measurements Predict the X-ray Properties of Flares?, Master’s thesis, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa. https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/Can-geostationary-operational-environmental-satellite-GOES/9955190007691. [Google Scholar]
- Neupert W, 1968. Comparison of solar X-ray line emission with microwave emission during flares. Astrophys J 153: L59. https://doi.org/10.1086/180220. [Google Scholar]
- Nusinov A, Kazachevskaya T, Kuznetsov S, Myagkova I, Yushkov BY. 2006. Ultraviolet, hard X-ray, and gamma-ray emission of solar flares recorded by VUSS-L and SONG instruments in 2001–2003. Sol System Res 40: 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0038094606040034. [Google Scholar]
- O’Hare AN, Bekker S, Greatorex HJ, Milligan RO. 2025. Investigating a Characteristic Time Lag in the Ionospheric F-Region’s Response to Solar Flares. Atmosphere 16(8): 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080937. [Google Scholar]
- Panos B. 2021. The analysis of solar flares using machine learning. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:153812. [Google Scholar]
- Qian L, Burns A, Chamberlin P, Solomon S. 2011. Variability of thermosphere and ionosphere responses to solar flares. J Geophys Res: Space Phys 116(A10): 13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016777. [Google Scholar]
- Qian L, Wang, W, Burns, AG, Chamberlin, PC, Coster, A, Zhang, S-R, Solomon, SC. 2019. Solar flare and geomagnetic storm effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere during 6–11 September 2017. J Geophys Res: Space Phys 124(3): 2298–2311. [Google Scholar]
- Roy S, Tripathi D. 2024. Evolution of the ratio of Mg ii intensities during solar flares. Astrophys J 964(2): 106. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2a46. [Google Scholar]
- Rubio da Costa F, Fletcher L, Labrosse N, Zuccarello F. 2009. Observations of a solar flare and filament eruption in Lyman and X-rays. Astron Astrophys 507(2): 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912651. [Google Scholar]
- Ryan DF, Milligan RO, Gallagher PT, Dennis BR, Tolbert AK, et al. 2012. The thermal properties of solar flares over three solar cycles using GOES X-ray observations. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 202(2): 11. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/202/2/11. [Google Scholar]
- Silva A, Wang H, Gary D, Nitta N, Zirin H. 1997. Imaging the chromospheric evaporation of the 1994 June 30 solar flare. Astrophys J 481(2): 978. https://doi.org/10.1086/304076. [Google Scholar]
- Snow M, Machol J, Viereck R, Woods T, Weber M, et al. 2019. A Revised Magnesium II Core-to-Wing Ratio From SORCE SOLSTICE. Earth Space Sci 6(11): 2106–2114. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000652. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Sturrock P. 1966. Model of the high-energy phase of solar flares. Nature 211(5050): 695–697. https://doi.org/10.1038/211695a0. [Google Scholar]
- Tandberg-Hanssen E, Emslie A. 1988. The physics of solar flares, Cambridge University Press, 14. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4919.770.a. [Google Scholar]
- Thiemann EM, Eparvier FG, Woods TN. 2017. A time dependent relation between EUV solar flare light-curves from lines with differing formation temperatures. J Space Weather Space Clim 7: A36. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2017037. [Google Scholar]
- Tsurutani B, Verkhoglyadova O, Mannucci A, Lakhina G, Li G. et al. 2009. A brief review of “solar flare effects” on the ionosphere. Radio Sci 44(01): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RS004029. [Google Scholar]
- Veronig A, Vršnak B, Temmer M, Hanslmeier A. 2002. Relative timing of solar flares observed at different wavelengths. Solar Phys 208(2): 297–315. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020563804164. [Google Scholar]
- Vial J. 1982a. Optically thick lines in a quiescent prominence-Profiles of Lyman-alpha, Lyman-beta/HI/, K and H/Mg II/, and K and H/Ca II/lines with the OSO 8 LPSP instrument. Astrophys J 253: 330–352. https://doi.org/10.1086/159639. [Google Scholar]
- Vial J. 1982b. Two-dimensional nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium transfer computations of resonance lines in quiescent prominences. Astrophys J 254: 780–795. https://doi.org/10.1086/159789. [Google Scholar]
- Wang Y, Mulay SM, Fletcher L. 2026. Extremely energetic EUV late phase of a pair of C-class flares caused by a non-eruptive sigmoid. arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.08324, 16. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.08324. [Google Scholar]
- Warren HP. 2006. Multithread hydrodynamic modeling of a solar flare. Astrophys J 637(1): 522. https://doi.org/10.1086/497904. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Woods T, Eparvier F, Fontenla J, Harder J, Kopp G, et al. 2004. Solar irradiance variability during the October 2003 solar storm period. Geophys Res Lett 31(10): 2. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019571. [Google Scholar]
- Woods T, Rottman G, White O, Fontenla J, Avrett E. 1995. The solar Ly-alpha line profile. Astrophys J 442: 898–906. https://doi.org/10.1086/175492. [Google Scholar]
- Woods T, Tobiska W, Rottman G, Worden J. 2000. Improved solar Lyman α irradiance modeling from 1947 through 1999 based on UARS observations. J Geophys Res: Space Phys 105(A12): 27,195–27,215. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000051. [Google Scholar]
- Woods TN, Eden T, Eparvier FG, Jones AR, Woodraska DL, et al. 2024. GOES-R Series X-Ray Sensor (XRS): 1. Design and pre-flight calibration. J Geophys Res: Space Phys 129(11): e2024JA032,925. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032925. [Google Scholar]
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.
