Investigating a solar influence on cloud cover using the North American Regional Reanalysis data | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

Open Access

Table 1.

Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation coefficients between NARR cloud cover detrended standard anomalies versus solar activity proxies, neutron monitors, and prominent climate indices.

	Ocean				Land				All
	r	SE	n	p_min	r	SE	n	p_min	r	SE	n	p_min
	Low cloud cover
SSN	−0.130	0.0008	28,511	−16	0.125	0.0013	11,065	−25	−0.058	0.0009	39,576	−25
FLUX	−0.130	0.0007	26,153	−14	0.115	0.0014	10,138	−24	−0.062	0.0009	36,291	−24
NM1	0.111	0.0008	21,640	−10	−0.122	0.0011	10,589	−14	0.034	0.0009	32,229	−14
NM2	0.119	0.0007	22,645	−13	−0.127	0.0011	10,028	−13	0.043	0.0009	32,673	−13
AMO	0.093	0.0011	37,249	−26	−0.176	0.0007	21,268	−24	−0.005	0.0009	58,517	−26
QBO	−0.027	0.0016	5388	−5	0.098	0.0013	2062	−3	0.007	0.0013	7450	−5
ENSO	−0.118	0.001	28,251	−24	0.096	0.0016	10,753	−18	−0.059	0.001	39,004	−24
NAO	−0.056	0.0012	17,607	−18	0.042	0.0013	17,683	−26	−0.007	0.0009	35,290	−26
PDO	−0.102	0.001	36,564	−19	0.138	0.0009	15,832	−14	−0.030	0.0009	52,396	−19
	Mid cloud cover
SSN	0.174	0.0003	33,036	−13	0.172	0.0007	14,777	−15	0.173	0.0003	47,813	−15
FLUX	0.175	0.0003	29,239	−14	0.165	0.0008	13,207	−15	0.172	0.0003	42,446	−15
NM1	−0.148	0.0002	28,421	−6	−0.168	0.0007	13,269	−10	−0.154	0.0003	41,690	−10
NM2	−0.154	0.0002	26,445	−7	−0.162	0.0006	13,289	−11	−0.157	0.0003	39,734	−11
AMO	−0.223	0.0004	50,144	−21	−0.205	0.0005	23,380	−19	−0.218	0.0003	73,524	−21
QBO	0.117	0.0005	4395	−3	0.105	0.0007	1451	−2	0.114	0.0004	5846	−3
ENSO	0.141	0.0009	35,135	−46	0.145	0.0009	16,629	−13	0.142	0.0007	51,764	−46
NAO	0.093	0.001	17,459	−23	0.086	0.0015	10,463	−26	0.090	0.0008	27,922	−26
PDO	0.176	0.0005	43,454	−18	0.155	0.0004	20,681	−8	0.169	0.0004	64,135	−18
	High cloud cover
SSN	0.010	0.001	15,425	−7	0.026	0.0012	15,739	−11	0.018	0.0008	31,164	−11
FLUX	0.029	0.001	13,580	−5	0.017	0.0013	14,118	−11	0.023	0.0008	27,698	−11
NM1	−0.006	0.0012	10,727	−7	−0.037	0.0012	13,557	−9	−0.023	0.0009	24,284	−9
NM2	0.001	0.0013	11,863	−10	−0.055	0.0013	13,135	−9	−0.028	0.0009	24,998	−10
AMO	−0.109	0.0009	34,988	−16	−0.062	0.0011	21,416	−15	−0.091	0.0007	56,404	−16
QBO	0.092	0.0013	4103	−4	0.094	0.0015	1841	−3	0.093	0.001	5944	−4
ENSO	−0.049	0.0012	35,597	−27	0.120	0.0011	14,852	−14	0.001	0.001	50,449	−27
NAO	0.036	0.0015	15,571	−21	−0.040	0.0017	9651	−18	0.007	0.0012	25,222	−21
PDO	−0.007	0.001	31,067	−18	0.106	0.001	18,038	−14	0.034	0.0008	49,105	−18
	Total cloud cover
SSN	−0.125	0.0008	23,539	−13	0.137	0.0012	11,909	−22	−0.037	0.0009	35,448	−22
FLUX	−0.124	0.0008	21,436	−12	0.130	0.0012	10,772	−20	−0.039	0.001	32,208	−20
NM1	0.100	0.0008	18,400	−10	−0.140	0.0009	12,145	−15	0.005	0.0009	30,545	−15
NM2	0.113	0.0008	19,056	−11	−0.144	0.0008	12,282	−12	0.013	0.0009	31,338	−12
AMO	0.012	0.0011	34,520	−22	−0.194	0.0005	22,318	−19	−0.069	0.0008	56,838	−22
QBO	0.008	0.0016	4797	−3	0.098	0.0011	2003	−3	0.034	0.0013	6800	−3
ENSO	−0.095	0.0012	27,845	−24	0.135	0.0013	12,911	−20	−0.022	0.001	40,756	−24
NAO	−0.029	0.0014	15,977	−19	0.076	0.0012	16,245	−24	0.024	0.001	32,222	−24
PDO	−0.058	0.001	30,319	−17	0.159	0.0006	18,348	−14	0.024	0.0008	48,667	−17

SSN and FLUX refer to sun spot number and solar radio flux, respectively. North American GCR neutron data for Newark, New Jersey (NM1) and Thule Air Force base, Greenland (NM2). Climatological indices included in the correlation matrix are the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), the multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Correlation coefficients (r) represent ocean, land, and total domain averages, the standard error (SD), n: number of significant p-values, and the order of magnitude of the minimum p-value for field significance testing. Walker’s test for global field significance requires a minimum p-value to be no greater than 10⁻⁷.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.