Fig. 10

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Left panel: Comparison of several distribution functions for the fluences of Φ(≥30 MeV): JPL91 (model by Feynman et al., 1993); Emission of Solar Protons (ESP) (model by Xapsos et al., 2000); SINP MSU – modified model (Nymmik, 1999a,b; Miroshnichenko & Nymmik, 2014). Right panel: Space era data (red dots) + Greenland ice data (blue rhombus) (Miroshnichenko & Nymmik, 2014), including Carrington event. Event AD775 – blue column, upper and lower estimates, 2.0 × 1010 ÷ 3.0 × 1010 cm−2 (adapted in this work from Miroshnichenko & Nymmik, 2014, and from assessment by Mekhaldi et al., 2015). Full and open triangles demonstrate the extrapolation of integral fluences of Φ(≥30 MeV) into the past for 1 Myr and 100 Myr, respectively (estimated by Miroshnichenko & Nymmik, 2014, from the data by Kiraly & Wolfendale (1999) for the protons ≥ 60 MeV). An orange asterisk corresponds to the upper estimate of Φ(≥30 MeV) from Kovaltsov & Usoskin (2014).
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