Fig. 9

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Comparative plot of the CME events, showing their association with major SEP events (black bars) compared to their maximum Kp index. The color code for the Kp bar is based on the CME speed: blue for Vspace < 1100 km·s−1, green for 1100 km·s−1 ≤  Vspace <  1500 km·s−1, and red for Vspace  ≥ 1500 km·s−1.

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