Illustration of the bit-based lag-correlation approach of the WCP scheme. This figure shows two bit-based series. The “1s” of the top time series shows a bit-based transformation of the solar EM data (e.g. occurrences of extreme time derivatives of GOES SXR flux). The “1s” of the bottom time series are occurrences of extreme time derivatives of a particle-based flux (e.g. ACE electrons). This figure also shows the identification of three “cause-consequence” pairs. A pair, shown in red, is composed of a “1” at time (i) of the top time series and a “1” at time (j) in the bottom time series, and the corresponding pair separation.