Left panel: 15-year averages of the mean reconstructed March temperatures of Kyoto and Edo bay (red dots) within the years 1650–1890 as a function of 15-year averages of TSI. The blue squares denote 15-year averages of thermometer measured temperatures in the time interval 1890–1995. Right panel: Residuals from the linear regression of the left panel (third row of ^{Tab. A.1}) as a function of time.