An illustration of cusp accelerated ion outflow due to soft electron precipitation and wave-particle interactions as modeled by PWOM; adapted from (Glocer et al., 2018). The top panel shows the PWOM computed ion distribution function along a single field line and demonstrates the ion conic evolution with altitude. Here v_∥ and v_⊥ are the parallel and perpendicular velocity and the color contour shows the log of phase space density in normalized, dimensionless, units. The bottom panel shows the global simulation, including the kinetic processes in the cusp using 896 field lines. Here u_O and u_H are the bulk field aligned velocities for O⁺ and H⁺ in units of km/s, and T_e is the electron temperature in Kelvin.