Global TEC maps with 6 h interval under storm (13 October) conditions in 2016. The predicted TEC maps are from our LSTM/NN and corresponding ones from the CODE GIM, along with their differences, are, respectively, given in the left, middle, and right panels of each figure. The predictions shown are 1-hour ahead. The unit of the color contour is TECU (10¹ 6electrons/m²) (from Liu et al., 2020).