Observational evidence of thermospheric wind and composition changes and the resulting ionospheric disturbances in the European sector during extreme geomagnetic storms | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

Open Access

Figure 3

(a) Locations of thermospheric and ionospheric observations conducted in Europe and the North Atlantic region. (b) Meridional (V) and zonal (U) wind components derived from Kiruna FPI observations. Also, the annotations corresponding to (1)–(4) in (b) represent the same meanings as the numbers in Figure 2.

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