Observational evidence of thermospheric wind and composition changes and the resulting ionospheric disturbances in the European sector during extreme geomagnetic storms | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

Open Access

Figure 7

The DIAS VTEC map from UT 02:00 to 12:00, derived from DIAS ionosonde data, shows the VTEC values for two different days. (a) The VTEC values on November 3, 2021, before the storm period. (b) The VTEC values during the geomagnetic storm on November 4, 2021. The blue triangle (black circle) symbols mean the DIAS ionosonde (GNSS receivers) locations.

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