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Figure 13

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The CME-driven shock, observed 27 h after its introduction into the simulation domain, is depicted. The shock surface is color-coded to represent various parameters: the shock obliquity θBn (a); the Mach Alfvén number MA (b); the intensity J and defined in equation (23) (c); and the cutoff energy Ec, as defined in equation (26) (d). Green and blue dots indicate Earth and the W25 observer, respectively, and their magnetic connections to the shock wave are also illustrated. The white lines on the shock indicate the location of the solar equatorial plane and the meridional slice containing Earth.

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