Table 1

Locations of the Receiver (RX), Transmitters (TX), and ionosondes (WP 937, AU 930, and EG 931), along with their respective transmission frequencies and distances to the receiver, as used in this study. Please refer to the following website for more information regarding the locations of the CODAR transmitters, https://hfrnet.ucsd.edu/sitediag/stationList.php.

Station Frequency MHz Geographic latitude Geographic longitude Distance to CARL Midpoint to midpoint
BRIG – TX 4.48 39.37° N 74.39° W 915 km
CORE – TX 4.53 34.76° N 76.41° W 586 km 272 km
NAPL – TX 4.90 26.16° N 81.81° W 946 km 870 km
PINS – TX 4.45 27.42° N 97.29° W 1592 km 1245 km
CARL – RX 34.62° N 82.83° W
WP 937 2.65–5 37.90° N 75.50° W 750 km
AU 930 2.65–5 30.40° N 97.70° W 1470 km
EG 931 2.65–5 30.50° N 86.50° W 573 km

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