Estimating traveling ionospheric disturbance propagation direction and speed using bistatic high-frequency oceanographic radars | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

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Table 2

Derived values for the horizontal velocity of our presumed traveling ionospheric disturbance derived from CODAR-only measurements, Digisonde-only measurements, and a combination of CODAR + Digisonde measurements. Note the propagation direction is the angle from North (North being 0°).

–	Horizontal velocity	Propagation direction
CODAR	$580 m / s \begin{matrix} + 162 m / s \\ - 175 m / s \end{matrix}$ $580\enspace \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\begin{array}{c}+162\enspace \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\\ -175\mathrm{\enspace }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\end{array}$	$178 ° \begin{matrix} + 16 ° \\ - 21 ° \end{matrix}$ $178\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\begin{array}{c}+16\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\\ -21\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\end{array}$
Digisonde	$674 m / s \begin{matrix} + 169 m / s \\ - 155 m / s \end{matrix}$ $674\enspace \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\begin{array}{c}+169\enspace \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\\ -155\mathrm{\enspace }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\end{array}$	$180 ° \begin{matrix} + 9 ° \\ - 23 ° \end{matrix}$ $180\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\begin{array}{c}+9\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\\ -23\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\end{array}$
CODAR + Digisonde	$555 m / s \begin{matrix} + 141 m / s \\ - 109 m / s \end{matrix}$ $555\enspace \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\begin{array}{c}+141\enspace \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\\ -109\mathrm{\enspace }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\end{array}$	$184 ° \begin{matrix} + 6 ° \\ - 9 ° \end{matrix}$ $184\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\begin{array}{c}+6\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\\ -9\mathrm{{}^{\circ} }\end{array}$

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