Comparison between MDI/HMI magnetograms and AI-based ones on 2003 October 29 (top), and 2017 September 6 (bottom). Panels (a) and (d) show schematic sunspot drawings constructed from the DPD catalog (DPD-based sunspot drawings), which are used as input to the model. Panels (b) and (e) show the corresponding observed MDI/HMI magnetograms as targets, and panels (c) and (f) show the AI-based magnetograms from our model. The magnetograms in (b), (c), (e), and (f) are byte-scaled to | ± 1000| G for display only.