| Issue |
J. Space Weather Space Clim.
Volume 15, 2025
Topical Issue - Observing, modelling and forecasting TIDs and mitigating their impact on technology
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|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 55 | |
| Number of page(s) | 20 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2025053 | |
| Published online | 10 December 2025 | |
Supplementary material
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Figure S1: TEC from PRN 26, 6 March 2022, with different elevation masks applied. The plasma bubble signature, highlighted by the red oval, is partly obscured when the elevation mask is raised to 25°. (LT=UT+1). |
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Figure S2: Histograms comparing S4 index from the dip equator and from the EIA crest for all the days included in this study. The scintillation index at the EIA crest is usually higher compared with that from the dip equator. |
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Figure S3: (a) – (c) are the unfiltered sTEC corresponding to the Δ sTEC events shown Figure 3 d-f, respectively, in the main article file. The lower panels (d – f) show S4 index during the corresponding event displayed in the upper panel. Large amplitude wave structures in Δ sTEC are coincident with elevated S4 index. |
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Figure S4: The left panels show scatter plots of S4 indices obtained from IPP tracks over the EIA crest vs. (a) Doppler PSSR (c) Maximum FFT peak at EIA crest (e) Mean FFT peak at EIA crest. The right panels are scatter plots of S4 indices obtained from IPP tracks over the dip equator vs. (b) Doppler PSSR (d) Maximum FFT peak at dip equator (f) Mean FFT peak at dip equator. The linear correlation indices are shown in the plots. All available data, regardless of the occurrence of plasma bubbles or spectral peaks ≥ 1 TECU, are included in the plots. |
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Figure S5: Scatter plots and linear correlation indices of (a) Plasma bubble depth vs. S4 indices from the EIA crest. (b) S4 indices from the dip equator vs. S4 indices from the EIA crest. |
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Figure S6: Same as Figure 10a in the main article file. |
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Figure S7: Same as Figure 10b in the main article file. |
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Figure S8: Same as Figure 11a in the main article file. |
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Figure S9: Same as Figure 11b in the main article file. |
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Figure S10: (a) Figure 11a from the main article file and (b) Figure 13 from the main article file (with the horizontal axis cropped). The arrowed positions, numbered 1 – 4, show periodic structures in the HF Doppler spectrogram that match the crests of the waveform in the bottom figure. Apart from the tilt of the numbered structures in the HF Doppler spectrogram, the periodic structures in the upper plot and the crests of the waveform in the lower plot show a one-to-one correspondence. |
Table S1: Discrepancies in the linear correlation between S4 index and wave amplitude, based on PRN selection. The data for five different days with similar characteristics, from the dip equator, are displayed. Two sets of readings are displayed for each day. The set of readings in bold font are those from the PRN whose IPP track likely encountered a plume. If the 5 sets of entries in plain font are substituted in place of the readings in bold font for the statistical analysis in Figure 4 (main article text), then the correlation indices shown in Figure 4d and 4f become 0.5036 and 0.5527 respectively. Access here
Movie M1: Simulation of two oppositely directed waves, with identical properties, undergoing interference.
Download Video: Formats: mp4 (2.1 MB) | webm (1.8 MB) | ogg (9.7 MB) | Original avi (1.2 MB)
© E.O. Oyeyemi et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2025
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