Timelines as a tool for learning about space weather storms | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

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Table 1

Details of events in Figure 1: Date, geographic latitude/longitude, magnetic storm strength estimates (Dst or Dcx), and other relevant information from references or databases.

Year	Geographic Lat/Lon°/′	Storm strength	Recent representative references	Remarks
8 Mar 1582	N 33 14	Great^*	Willis & Stephenson (2000)	Mid-latitude visibility for 3 nights, as well
8 Mar 1582	E 131 36		^* Hattori et al. (2019)	Mid-latitude visibility for 3 nights, as well
2 Mar 1653	N 34 59	Strong–Severe^*	Willis & Stephenson (2000)	During Maunder Minimum
2 Mar 1653	E115 32	Strong–Severe^*	^* Isobe et al. (2019)	No reported sunspots
15 Feb 1730	N 34 59	Great^*	^* Hayakawa et al. (2018a)	Considerable brightness at low latitude
	E135 47			Considerable brightness at low latitude
17 Sep 1770	N 28 51	Great^*	Willis et al. (1996)	Low latitude aurora for 9 nights
	E112 37		^* Hayakawa et al. (2017)
			Ebihara et al. (2017)
			Kataoka & Iwahashi (2017)
14 Nov 1789	N 19 26	No estimate published	^* Vázquez et al. (2006)
	W 99 08	No estimate published
17 Nov 1848	N 17 44	No estimate published	Lang (1849)	Europe and America
	W 64 41	No estimate published
28/29 Aug	N 8 59	Great	^* Siscoe et al. (2006)	Two great auroral storms
	W 79 31	Dst_est^* ~ −900 nT	Hayakawa et al. (2018b)	Two great auroral storms
3/4 Sep 1859	S 19 0		Hayakawa et al. (2019a)	Very bright aurora
			^* Hayakawa et al. (2020a)
	E 149 0		^* Cliver & Dietrich (2013)
24–25 Oct 1870	N 30 5	No estimate published	^* Vaquero et al. (2008)	2 Sudden Storm Commencements (SSCs)
24–25 Oct 1870	E31 23	No estimate published		2 Sudden Storm Commencements (SSCs)
4–6 Feb 1872	N 30 0	Great	Silverman (2008)	1 SSC
4–6 Feb 1872	E 120 35	Dst_est^* < −830 nT	Hayakawa et al. (2018c)	Aurora possibly as low as 10° MLAT
			Bekli & Chadou (2020)
25 Sep 1909	N 33 51	Great	Silverman (1995)	2 SSCs
	E 132 47	Dst_est^*= −595 nT	^* Hayakawa et al. (2019b)
			^* Love et al. (2019a)
13–16 May 1921	S 13 48	Great	Silverman & Cliver (2001)	4 SSCs
	W 171 45	Dst_est^* = −907 nT	^* Love et al. (2019b)
	W 171 45	Dst_est^* = −907 nT	Hapgood (2019)
16–26 Jan 1938	N 39 42	Severe	Hayakawa et al. (2021a)	Three distinct storms
	E 141 09	Dcx = −336 nT^#		Two great auroral storms
	S 31 50			4 SSCs
	E 15 30
11 Feb 1958	N 19 26	Great	Rivera-Terrezas & Gonzalez (1964)	1 SSC
	W 99 08	Dst = −426 nT^**	Kataoka et al. (2019)
			Kataoka and Kazama (2019)
13–14 Mar 1989	S 24 08	Great	Allen et al. (1989)	2 SSCs
	E 49 10	Dst = −589 nT^**	Silverman (2006)
	E 49 10	Dst = −589 nT^**	Boteler (2019)

Estimated storm strength from *citations,

Dcx = reconstructed Dst Index from University of Oulu http://dcx.oulu.fi/?link=main.

^**

Dst from http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dstdir/

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