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Figure 6

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S4 map at L1 from all GNSS RO profiles from Spire’s CubeSat constellation over the African region on 2022-08-17 during (a) ionospherically perturbed period, 1800–2400 UTC, and (b) ionospherically quiet period, 1200–1800 UTC. The two RO profiles enclosed within green circles in panel (a) are used for further analysis.
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