Representative ionospheric examples and their statistical characteristics. Each row corresponds to a distinct electron density irregularity example. Column 1: Time series of electron density fluctuations measured by the Swarm-C satellite. Column 2: Corresponding density gradients (ROD). Column 3: Power spectral densities of each event, with fitted slopes around 1.6. Panel E: Histogram of spectral slopes computed from nearly 10 years of data. Panel F: Probability distribution of integrated power of plasma density in the second frequency band, compiled from the 10-year dataset. Colored circles indicate the location of the four representative events.