Modelling large solar proton events with the shock-and-particle model - Extraction of the characteristics of the MHD shock front at the cobpoint

Jens Pomoell; Angels Aran; Carla Jacobs; Rosa Rodríguez-Gasén; Stefaan Poedts; Blai Sanahuja

doi:10.1051/swsc/2015015

All issues

Volume 5 (2015)

J. Space Weather Space Clim., 5 (2015) A12

References

Open Access

Issue		J. Space Weather Space Clim. Volume 5, 2015


Article Number		A12
Number of page(s)		20
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2015015
Published online		16 June 2015

Aran, A. Synthesis of proton flux profiles of SEP events associated with interplanetary shocks. The tool SOLPENCO. Ph.D. thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 2007. URL http://www.am.ub.edu/~blai/articles/Aran_thesis.pdf. [Google Scholar]
Aran, A., B. Sanahuja, and D. Lario. SOLPENCO: A solar particle engineering code. Adv. Space Res., 37, 1240–1246, 2006. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Aran, A., D. Lario, B. Sanahuja, R.G. Marsden, M. Dryer, C.D. Fry, and S.M.P. McKenna-Lawlor. Modeling and forecasting solar energetic particle events at Mars: the event on 6 March 1989. A&A, 469, 1123–1134, 2007, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20077233. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Aran, A., B. Sanahuja, and D. Lario. Comparing proton fluxes of central meridian SEP events with those predicted by SOLPENCO. Adv. Space Res., 42, 1492–1499, 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.08.003. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Aran, A., C. Jacobs, R. Rodríguez-Gasén, B. Sanahuja, and S. Poedts. WP410: Initial and boundary conditions for the shock-and- particle model. SEPEM Technical Report, ESA/ESTEC Contract 20162/06/NL/JD, 1–58, 2011. URL http://www.am.ub.edu/~blai/articles/Aran_etal_2011_SEPEM_TN_WP410.pdf. [Google Scholar]
Battarbee, M., T. Laitinen, and R. Vainio. Heavy-ion acceleration and self-generated waves in coronal shocks. A&A, 535, A34, 2011, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117507. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Battarbee, M., R. Vainio, T. Laitinen, and H. Hietala. Injection of thermal and suprathermal seed particles into coronal shocks of varying obliquity. A&A, 558, A110, 2013, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201321348. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Bell, A.R. The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 182, 147–156, 1978. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cane, H.V. The structure and evolution of interplanetary shocks and the relevance for particle acceleration. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl., 39, 35–44, 1995, DOI: 10.1016/0920-5632(95)00005-T. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cane, H.V., and D. Lario. An Introduction to CMEs and Energetic Particles. Space Sci. Rev., 123, 45–56, 2006, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-006-9011-3. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cliver, E.W., S.W. Kahler, M.A. Shea, D.F. Smar, and D.F. Smart. Injection onsets of 2 GeV protons, 1 MeV electrons, and 100 keV electrons in solar cosmic ray flares. ApJ, 260, 362–370, 1982, DOI: 10.1086/160261. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Crosby, N.B., D. Heynderickx, P. Jiggens, A. Aran, B. Sanahuja, et al. SEPEM: a tool for statistical modelling the solar energetic particle environment. Space Weather, 13, 2015, DOI: 10.1002/2013SW001008. [Google Scholar]
de Sterck, H., S. Rostrup, and F. Tian. A fast and accurate algorithm for computing radial transonic flows. J. Comput. Appl. Math., 223, 916–928, 2009. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Desai, M.I., and D. Burgess. Particle acceleration at coronal mass ejection-driven interplanetary shocks and the Earth’s bow shock. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 113, A00B06, 2008, DOI: 10.1029/2008JA013219. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Feynman, J., and S.B. Gabriel. On space weather consequences and predictions. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10543–10564, 2000, DOI: 10.1029/1999JA000141. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Giacalone, J. Particle Acceleration at Shocks Moving through an Irregular Magnetic Field. ApJ, 624, 765–772, 2005, DOI: 10.1086/429265. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gold, R.E., S.M. Krimigis, S.E. Hawkins III, D.K. Haggerty, D.A. Lohr, E. Fiore, T.P. Armstrong, G. Holland, and L.J. Lanzerotti. Electron, proton, and alpha monitor on the advanced composition explorer spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev., 86, 541–562, 1998, DOI: 10.1023/A:1005088115759. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gopalswamy, N., S. Yashiro, S. Krucker, G. Stenborg, and R.A. Howard. Intensity variation of large solar energetic particle events associated with coronal mass ejections. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 109 (A18), A12105, 2004, DOI: 10.1029/2004JA010602. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Guo, F., J.R. Jokipii, and J. Kota. Particle acceleration by collisionless shocks containing large-scale magnetic-field variations, ApJ, 725, 128–133, 2010, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/128. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Hasselmann, K., and G. Wibberenz. A note on the parallel diffusion coefficient. ApJ, 162, 1049, 1970. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Heras, A.M., B. Sanahuja, Z.K. Smith, T. Detman, and M. Dryer. The influence of the large-scale interplanetary shock structure on a low-energy particle event. ApJ, 391, 359–369, 1992, DOI: 10.1086/171351. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Heras, A., B. Sanahuja, T.R. Sanderson, R.G. Marsden, and K.-P. Wenzel. Observational signatures of the influence of the interplanetary shocks on the associated low-energy particle events. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 43–51, 1994. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Heras, A.M., B. Sanahuja, D. Lario, Z.K. Smith, T. Detman, and M. Dryer. Three low-energy particle events: modeling the influence of the parent interplanetary shock. ApJ, 445, 497–508, 1995, DOI: 10.1086/175714. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Horne, R.B., S.A. Glauert, N.P. Meredith, H. Koskinen, R. Vainio, et al. Forecasting the Earth’s radiation belts and modelling solar energetic particle events: recent results from SPACECAST. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 3, A20, 2013, DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2013042. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Jacobs, C., and S. Poedts. A polytropic model for the solar wind. Adv. Space Res., 48, 1958–1966, 2011. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Jacobs, C., S. Poedts, B. Van der Holst, and E. Chané. On the effect of the background wind on the evolution of interplanetary shock waves. A&A, 430, 1099–1107, 2005, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20041676. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Jacobs, C., B. van der Holst, and S. Poedts. Comparison between 2.5D and 3D simulations of coronal mass ejections. A&A, 470, 359–365, 2007, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20077305. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Jiggens, P.T.A., S.B. Gabriel, D. Heynderickx, N. Crosby, A. Glover, and A. Hilgers. ESA SEPEM project: peak flux and fluence model. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1066–1077, 2012, DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2012.2198242. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kahler, S.W. The correlation between solar energetic particle peak intensities and speeds of coronal mass ejections: effects of ambient particle intensities and energy spectra. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (20), 20947–20956, 2001, DOI: 10.1029/2000JA002231. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kallenrode, M.-B. The temporal and spatial development of MeV proton acceleration at interplanetary shocks. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22347–22364, 1997, DOI: 10.1029/97JA01678. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kissmann, R., and J. Pomoell. A semidiscrete finite volume constrained transport method on orthogonal curvilinear grids. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 34, A763–A791, 2012, DOI: 10.1137/110834329. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kissmann, R., J. Pomoell, and W. Kley. A central conservative scheme for general rectangular grids. J. Comput. Phys., 228, 2119–2131, 2009, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2008.11.030. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kocharov, L., V.J. Pizzo, D. Odstrcil, and R.D. Zwickl. A unified model of solar energetic particle trans789 port in structured solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 114, A05102, 2009, DOI: 10.1029/2008JA013837. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kozarev, K.A., R.M. Evans, N.A. Schwadron, M.A. Dayeh, M. Opher, K.E. Korreck, and B. van der Holst. Global numerical modeling of energetic proton acceleration in a coronal mass ejection traveling through the solar corona. ApJ, 778, 43, 2013, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/43. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kunow, S.W., G. Wibberenz, G. Green, R. Müller-Mellin, and M.-B. Kallenrode. Energetic particles in the inner heliosphere. In: R. Schwenn, and E. Marsch, Editors. Physics of the Inner Heliosphere II, Springer, Berlin, 243–330, 1991. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lario, D., B. Sanahuja, and A.M. Heras. Energetic particle events: efficiency of interplanetary shocks as 50 keV < E < 100 MeV proton accelerators. ApJ, 509, 415–434, 1998, DOI: 10.1086/306461. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lario, D., R.B. Decker, E.C. Roelof, D.B. Reisenfeld, and T.R. Sanderson. Low-energy particle response to CMEs during the Ulysses solar maximum northern polar passage. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 109 (A18), A01107, 2004, DOI: 10.1029/2003JA010071. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lee, M.A. Coupled hydromagnetic wave excitation and ion acceleration at interplanetary traveling shocks. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6109–6119, 1983a, DOI: 10.1029/JA088iA08p06109. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lee, M.A. The association of energetic particles and shocks in the heliosphere. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 324–338, 1983b, DOI: 10.1029/RG021i002p00324. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lee, M.A. Coupled hydromagnetic wave excitation and ion acceleration at an evolving coronal/interplanetary shock. ApJS, 158, 38–67, 2005, DOI: 10.1086/428753. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lee, M.A., R.A. Mewaldt, and J. Giacalone. Shock acceleration of ions in the heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev., 173, 247–281, 2012, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-012-9932-y. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li, G., and G.P. Zank. Mixed particle acceleration at CME-driven shocks and flares. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 2101–2104, 2005, DOI: 10.1029/2004GL021250. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Li, G., G.P. Zank, and W.K.M. Rice. Energetic particle acceleration and transport at coronal mass ejection-driven shocks. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 108, 1082, 2003, DOI: 10.1029/2002JA009666. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Liu, Y., J.G. Luhmann, R. Müller-Mellin, P.C. Schroeder, L. Wang, et al. A comprehensive view of the 2006 December 13 CME: from the Sun to interplanetary space, ApJ, 689, 563–571, 2008, DOI: 10.1086/592031. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Luhmann, J.G., S.A. Ledvina, D. Odstrcil, M.J. Owens, X.-P. Zhao, Y. Liu, and P. Riley. Cone model-based SEP event calculations for applications to multipoint observations. Adv. Space Res., 46, 1–21, 2010, DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.011. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Manchester IV, W.B., T.I. Gombosi, D.L. De Zeeuw, I.V. Sokolov, I.I. Roussev, K.G. Powell, J. Kóta, G. Tóth, and T.H. Zurbuchen. Coronal mass ejection shock and sheath structures relevant to particle acceleration. ApJ, 622, 1225–1239, 2005, DOI: 10.1086/427768. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Manchester IV, W.B., A. Vourlidas, G. Tóth, N. Lugaz, I.I. Roussev, I.V. Sokolov, T.I. Gombosi, D.L. De Zeeuw, and M. Opher. Three-dimensional MHD Simulation of the 2003 October 28 coronal mass ejection: comparison with LASCO coronagraph observations. ApJ, 684, 1448–1460, 2008, DOI: 10.1086/590231. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
McComas, D.J., S.J. Bame, P. Barker, W.C. Feldman, J.L. Phillips, P. Riley, and J.W. Griffee. Solar wind electron proton alpha monitor (SWEPAM) for the advanced composition explorer. Space Sci. Rev., 86, 563–612, 1998, DOI: 10.1023/A:1005040232597. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Pomoell, J., and R. Vainio. Influence of solar wind heating formulations on the properties of shocks in the corona. ApJ, 745, 151, 2012, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/151. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reames, D.V. Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev., 90, 413–491, 1999. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reames, D.V., L.M. Barbier, and C.K. Ng. The spatial distribution of particles accelerated by coronal mass ejection-driven shocks, ApJ, 466, 473, 1996, DOI: 10.1086/177525. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Rice, W.K.M., G.P. Zank, and G. Li. Particle acceleration and coronal mass ejection driven shocks: shocks of arbitrary strength. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 108, 1369, 2003, DOI: 10.1029/2002JA009756. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Rodriguez, L., A.N. Zhukov, C. Cid, Y. Cerrato, E. Saiz, et al. Three frontside full halo coronal mass ejections with a nontypical geomagnetic response, Space Weather, 7, S06003, 2009, DOI: 10.1029/2008SW000453. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Rodríguez-Gasén, R. Modelling SEP events: Latitudinal and longitudinal dependence of the injection rate of shock-accelerated protons and their flux profiles. Ph.D. thesis, Dep. Astronomia i Meteorologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 2011. URL http://www.am.ub.edu/~blai/articles/PhDThesis-RRG.pdf. [Google Scholar]
Rodríguez-Gasén, R., A. Aran, B. Sanahuja, C. Jacobs, and S. Poedts. Why should the latitude of the observer be considered when modeling gradual proton events? An insight using the concept of cobpoint. Adv. Space Res., 47, 2140–2151, 2011, DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.021. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Rodríguez-Gasén, R., A. Aran, B. Sanahuja, C. Jacobs, and S. Poedts. Variation of proton flux profiles with the observer’s latitude in simulated gradual SEP events. Sol. Phys., 289, 1745–1762, 2014, DOI: 10.1007/s11207-013-0442-1. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Rouillard, A.P., D. Odstrcil, N.R. Sheeley, A. Tylka, A. Vourlidas, et al. Interpreting the properties of solar energetic particle events by using combined imaging and modeling of interplanetary shocks. ApJ, 735, 7, 2011. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ruffolo, D. Effect of adiabatic deceleration on the focused transport of solar cosmic rays, ApJ, 442, 861–874, 1995, DOI: 10.1086/175489. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sanahuja, B., V. Domingo, K.-P. Wenzel, J.A. Joselyn, and E. Keppler. A large proton event associated with solar filament activity. Sol. Phys., 84, 321–337, 1983, DOI: 10.1007/BF00157465. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sauer, H.H. GOES observations of energetic protons to E > 685 MeV: description and data comparison. In: D.A. Leahy, R.B. Hickws, and D. Venkatesan, Editors. 23rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3, World Scientific, Singapore, 250, 1993. [Google Scholar]
Shen, F., X.S. Feng, S.T. Wu, C.Q. Xiang, and W.B. Song. Three-dimensional MHD simulation of the evolution of the April 2000 CME event and its induced shocks using a magnetized plasma blob model. J. Geophys. Res. [Space Phys.], 116, A04102, 2011, DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015809. [Google Scholar]
Smith, C.W., J. L’Heureux, N.F. Ness, M.H. Acuña, L.F. Burlaga, and J. Scheifele. The ACE magnetic fields experiment. Space Sci. Rev., 86, 613–632, 1998, DOI: 10.1023/A:1005092216668. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Storini, M., E.G. Cordaro, and M. Parisi. The December 2006 GLE event as seen from LARC, SVIRCO and OLC. International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1, 273–276, 2008. [Google Scholar]
Torsti, J., E. Valtonen, M. Lumme, P. Peltonen, T. Eronen, et al. Energetic particle experiment ERNE, Sol. Phys., 162, 505–531, 1995, DOI: 10.1007/BF00733438. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Tylka, A.J., C.M.S. Cohen, W.F. Dietrich, M.A. Lee, C.G. Maclennan, R.A. Mewaldt, C.K. Ng, and D.V. Reames. Shock geometry, seed populations, and the origin of variable elemental composition at high energies in large gradual solar particle events. ApJ, 625, 474–495, 2005, DOI: 10.1086/429384. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Vainio, R., and T. Laitinen. Monte Carlo simulations of coronal diffusive shock acceleration in self-generated turbulence, ApJ, 658, 622–630, 2007, DOI: 10.1086/510284. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Vainio, R., and T. Laitinen. Simulations of coronal shock acceleration in self-generated turbulence. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 70, 467–474, 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.064. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Vainio, R., A. Pönni, M. Battarbee, H.E.J. Koskinen, A. Afanasiev, and T. Laitinen. A semi-analytical foreshock model for energetic storm particle events inside 1 AU. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 4, A08, 2014, DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2014005. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
Verkhoglyadova, O.P., G. Li, G.P. Zank, Q. Hu, and R.A. Mewaldt. Using the path code for modeling gradual SEP events in the inner heliosphere, ApJ, 693, 894–900, 2009, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/894. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Verkhoglyadova, O.P., G. Li, G.P. Zank, Q. Hu, C.M.S. Cohen, et al. Understanding large SEP events with the PATH code: modeling of the 13 December 2006 SEP event. J. Geophys. Res., 115 (A14), A12103, 2010, DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015615. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Verkhoglyadova, O.P., G. Li, X. Ao, and G.P. Zank. Radial dependence of peak proton and iron ion fluxes in solar energetic particle events: application of the PATH code. ApJ, 757, 75, 2012, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/75. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
von Rosenvinge, T.T., D.V. Reames, R. Baker, J. Hawk, J.T. Nolan, et al. The high energy telescope for STEREO. Space Sci. Rev, 136, 391–435, 2008, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-007-9300-5. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang, Y., G. Qin, and M. Zhang. Effects of perpendicular diffusion on energetic particles accelerated by the interplanetary coronal mass ejection shock. ApJ, 752, 37, 2012, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/37. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Watermann, J., P. Wintoft, B. Sanahuja, E. Saiz, S. Poedts, et al. Models of solar wind structures and their interaction with the Earth’s space environment, Space Sci. Rev., 147, 233–270, 2009, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-009-9494-9. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Weber, E.J., and L. Davis Jr. The angular momentum of the solar wind. ApJ, 148, 217–227, 1967, DOI: 10.1086/149138. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zank, G.P., W.K.M. Rice, and C.C. Wu. Particle acceleration and coronal mass ejection driven shocks: a theoretical model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 25079–25096, 2000, DOI: 10.1029/1999JA000455. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zurbuchen, T.H., and I.G. Richardson. In-situ solar wind and magnetic field signatures of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Space Sci. Rev., 123, 31–43, 2006, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-006-9010-4. [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.