Table 1

Physical drivers along with a brief description.

Feature name Description
IE, IU Auroral electrojet indices
HF-INTEU High-frequency interferometry index, identifying activity over the European network of ionosondes (see Sect. 2.2)
SZA Solar zenith angle, namely the angle between the local zenith and the line of sight from that point to the Sun
F10.7 Solar radio flux at 10.7 cm (2800 MHz)
ρ, vx, Bz Solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, measured by ACE and/or DSCOVR spacecrafts at the Lagrange point L1 and projected to the bow shock nose
SMR Partial ring current index
Newell Coupling function that quantifies the energy transfer from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere
Hp30 Half-hourly geomagnetic index
SEC (Athens, Juliusruh, Průhonice, Rome, San Vito) Spectral energy contribution (%) of the perturbation (one feature per ionosonde)
Azimuth (Athens, Juliusruh, Průhonice, Rome, San Vito) Azimuth (degrees from true North) of the perturbation (one feature per ionosonde)
Velocity (Athens, Juliusruh, Průhonice, Rome, San Vito) Velocity of the perturbation (one feature per ionosonde)

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