Faint red auroras as seen from Japan associated with intense magnetospheric compression | Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate

Open Access

Issue		J. Space Weather Space Clim. Volume 16, 2026


Article Number		19
Number of page(s)		19
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2026004
Published online		19 May 2026

Alken P, Thébault E, Beggan CD, Amit HAubert J, et al., 2021. International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation. Earth Planets Space 73: 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01288-x. [Google Scholar]
Archer WE, St.-Maurice J-P, Gallardo-Lacourt B, Perry GW, Cully CM, et al., 2019. The vertical distribution of the optical emissions of a Steve and Picket Fence event. Geophys Res Lett 46: e2019GL084473. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084473. [Google Scholar]
Case NA, MacDonald EA, Heavner M, Tapia AH, Lalone N. 2015. Mapping auroral activity with Twitter. Geophys Res Lett 42: e2015GL063709. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063709. [Google Scholar]
Case NA, MacDonald EA, Viereck R. 2016. Using citizen science reports to define the equatorial extent of auroral visibility. Space Weather 14: e2015SW001320. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015SW001320. [Google Scholar]
Cliver EW, Schrijver CJ, Shibata K, Usoskin IG. 2022. Extreme solar events. Living Rev Sol Phys 19: 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-022-00033-8. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ebihara Y, Tanaka T, Kamiyoshikawa N. 2019. New diagnosis for energy flow from solar wind to ionosphere during substorm: Global MHD simulation. J Geophys Res Space Phys 124: 360–378. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026177. [Google Scholar]
Gonzalez WD, Joselyn JA, Kamide Y, Kroehl HW, Rostoker G, et al. 1994. What is a geomagnetic storm? J Geophys Res 99(A4): 5771–5792. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02867. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Grandin M, Bruus E, Ledvina VE, Partamies N, Barthelemy M, et al., 2024. The Gannon Storm: Citizen science observations during the geomagnetic superstorm of 10 May 2024. Geosci Commun 7(4): 297–316. https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-297-2024. [Google Scholar]
Hapgood M, Liu H, Lugaz N. 2022. SpaceX—Sailing close to the space weather?. Space Weather 20: e2022SW003074. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003074. [Google Scholar]
Kataoka R, Iwahashi K. 2017. Inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical evidence of extreme magnetic storm. Space Weather 15: 1314–1320. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017SW001690. [Google Scholar]
Kataoka R, Nakano SY. 2021. Auroral zone over the last 3000 years. J Space Weather Space Clim 11: 46. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2021030. [Google Scholar]
Kataoka R, Shiota D, Fujiwara H, Jin H, Tao C, et al., 2022. Unexpected space weather causing the reentry of 38 Starlink satellites in February 2022. J Space Weather Space Clim . 12: 41. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2022034. [Google Scholar]
Kataoka R, Miyoshi Y, Shiokawa K, Nishitani N, Keika K, et al., 2024a. Magnetic storm-time red aurora as seen from Hokkaido, Japan on 1 December 2023 associated with high-density solar wind. Geophys Res Lett. 51: e2024GL108778. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108778. [Google Scholar]
Kataoka R, Reddy SA, Nakano S, Pettit J, Nakamura Y. 2024b. Extended magenta aurora as revealed by citizen science. Nat Sci Rep . 14: 25849. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75184-9. [Google Scholar]
Kataoka R, Nakano S, Uchino S, Sachin AR. 2025. Extended red aurora associated with super substorm igniting the October 10, 2024 magnetic storm as revealed by citizen science. Earth Planets Space . 77: 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02178-w. [Google Scholar]
Khachikjan GY, Koustov AV, Sofko GJ. 2008. Dependence of SuperDARN cross polar cap potential upon the solar wind electric field and magnetopause subsolar distance. J Geophys Res Space Phys . 113: A09214. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013107. [Google Scholar]
Kosar BC, MacDonald EA, Case NA, Zhang Y, Mitchell EJ, et al. 2018. A case study comparing citizen science aurora data with global auroral boundaries derived from satellite imagery and empirical models. J Atmos Sol-Terr Physics. 177: 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.05.006. [Google Scholar]
Li LY, Wang ZQ. 2018. The effects of solar wind dynamic pressure changes on the substorm auroras and energetic electron injections on 24 August 2005. J Geophys Res Space Phys. 123: 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024628. [Google Scholar]
Loewe CA, Prölss GW. 1997. Classification and mean behavior of magnetic storms. J Geophys Res. 102(A7): 14209–14213. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA04020. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ma L, Yu Y, Ding X, Liu X, An D, et al. 2024. Mid-latitude auroras and energetic particle precipitation occurred unusually in a moderate magnetic storm on 1 December 2023. Geophys Res Lett. 51: e2024GL110764. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110764. [Google Scholar]
MacDonald EA, Donovan E, Nishimura Y, Case NA, Gillies DM, et al. 2018. New science in plain sight: Citizen scientists lead to the discovery of optical structure in the upper atmosphere. Sci Adv. 4: eaaq0030. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq0030 [Google Scholar]
Nakano S, Kataoka R. 2022. Echo state network model for analyzing solar-wind effects on the AU and AL indices. Ann Geophys. 40: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-11-2022. [Google Scholar]
Nanjo S, Shiokawa K, 2024. Spatial structures of blue low-latitude aurora observed from Japan during the extreme geomagnetic storm of May 2024. Earth Planets Space. 76 156: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-024-02090-9. [Google Scholar]
Nishimura Y, Bruus E, Karvinen E, Martinis CR, Dyer A, et al. 2022. Interaction between proton aurora and stable auroral red arcs unveiled by citizen scientist photographs. J Geophys Res Space Phys. 127: e2022JA030570. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030570. [Google Scholar]
O’Brien TP, McPherron RL. 2000. An empirical phase space analysis of ring current dynamics: Solar wind control of injection and decay. J Geophys Res Space Phys. 105: 7707–7719. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JA000437. [Google Scholar]
Palmroth M, Grandin M, Helin M, Koski P, Oksanen A, et al. 2020. Citizen scientists discover a new auroral form: Dunes provide insight into the upper atmosphere. AGU Adv. 1: e2019AV000133. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000133. [Google Scholar]
Papitashvili NE, King JH. 2020. “OMNI 5-min Data”. NASA Space Physics Data Facility. https://doi.org/10.48322/gbpg-5r77, Accessed on April 9, 2025. [Google Scholar]
Richardson IG, Webb DF, Zhang J, Berdichevsky DB, Biesecker DA, et al. 2006. Major geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) generated by corotating interaction regions. J Geophys Res. 111: A07S09. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011476 [Google Scholar]
Robinson RM, Zanetti LJ. 2021. Auroral energy flux and Joule heating derived from global maps of field-aligned currents. Geophys Res Lett. 48: e2020GL091527. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091527. [Google Scholar]
Samsonov AA, Bogdanova YV, Branduardi-Raymont G, Xu L, Zhang J, et al. 2021. Geosynchronous magnetopause crossings and their relationships with magnetic storms and substorms. Space Weather. 19: e2020SW002704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020SW002704 [Google Scholar]
Shepherd SG. 2014. Altitude-adjusted corrected geomagnetic coordinates: Definition and functional approximations. J Geophys Res Space Physics 119: 7501–7521. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020264. [Google Scholar]
Semeter J, Hunnekuhl M, MacDonald E, Hirsch M, Zeller N, et al. 2020. The mysterious green streaks below STEVE. AGU Adv. 1: e2020AV000183. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000183. [Google Scholar]
Shiokawa K, Meng C-I, Reeves GD, Rich FJ, Yumoto K. 1997. A multievent study of broadband electrons observed by the DMSP satellites and their relation to red aurora observed at midlatitude stations. J Geophys Res. 102(A7): 14237–14253. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA00741. [Google Scholar]
Shiokawa K, Ogawa T, Oya H, Rich FJ, Yumoto K. 2001. A stable auroral red arc observed over Japan after an interval of very weak solar wind. J Geophys Res 106(A11): 26091–26101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000073. [Google Scholar]
Shiokawa K, Ogawa T, Kamide Y. 2005. Low‐latitude auroras observed in Japan: 1999–2004. J Geophys Res Space Phys. 110: A05202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010706. [Google Scholar]
Shue J-H, Song P, Russell CT, Steinberg JT, Chao JK, et al. 1998. Magnetopause location under extreme solar wind conditions. J Geophys Res. 103: 17691–17700. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01103. [Google Scholar]
World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto NM, Iyemori T, Sugiura M, Kamei T. 2015a. Geomagnetic AE index, https://doi.org/10.17593/15031-54800, Accessed on October 23, 2025. [Google Scholar]
World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto NM, Iyemori T, Sugiura M, Kamei T. 2015b. Geomagnetic Dst index, https://doi.org/10.17593/14515-74000, Accessed on December 16, 2025. [Google Scholar]
World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto NM, Imajo S, Matsuoka A, Toh H, Iyemori T. 2022. Mid-latitude Geomagnetic Indices ASY and SYM (ASY/SYM Indices), https://doi.org/10.14989/267216, Accessed on October 23, 2025. [Google Scholar]
Yang Z, Zhang B, Lei J, Dang T. 2020. Nonlinear response of the cross polar cap potential to solar wind density under northward interplanetary magnetic field. Geophys Res Lett. 47: e2020GL087559. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087559. [Google Scholar]
Yokoyama N, Kamide Y, Miyaoka H. 1998. The size of the auroral belt during magnetic storms. Ann Geophys. 16: 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0566-z. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.