Open Access
| Issue |
J. Space Weather Space Clim.
Volume 16, 2026
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 17 | |
| Number of page(s) | 20 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2026008 | |
| Published online | 19 May 2026 | |
- Aa, E, Dzwill P, Zhang SR, Erickson PJ. 2024a. A statistical analysis of the morphology of storm-enhanced density plumes over the North American sector. J Geophys Res Space Physics 129(6): e2024JA032750. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032750. [Google Scholar]
- Aa, E, Zhang SR, Erickson PJ, Wang W, Qian L, et al. 2023a. Significant mid-and low-latitude ionospheric disturbances characterized by dynamic EIA, EPBs, and SED variations during the 13–14 March 2022 geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res Space Physics 128(8): e2023JA031375. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031375. [Google Scholar]
- Aa, E., Zhang SR, Lei J, Huang F, Erickson PJ, et al. 2024b. Significant midlatitude plasma density peaks and dual-hemisphere SED during the 10–11 May 2024 super geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res Space Physics 129(11): e2024JA033360. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033360. [Google Scholar]
- Aa, E, Zhang SR, Wang W, Erickson PJ, Coster AJ. 2023b. Multiple longitude sector storm-enhanced density (SED) and long-lasting subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) during the 26–28 February 2023 geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res Space Physics 128(9): e2023JA031815. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031815. [Google Scholar]
- Adil, MA, Hadas T, Yang H, Hernandez-Pajares M. 2025. Quality assessment of the real-time global ionospheric maps following varying solar dynamics and a severe geomagnetic storm. GPS Solut 29(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-024-01811-7. [Google Scholar]
- Adolfs, M, Hoque MM, Shprits YY. 2022. Storm-time relative total electron content modelling using machine learning techniques. Remote Sens 14(23): 6155. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236155. [Google Scholar]
- Agyei-Yeboah, E, Fagundes PR, Tardelli A, Pillat VG, Vieira F, et al. 2025. Global ionospheric response to a G2 and a G3 geomagnetic storms of November 4 and 5 2023. Adv Space Res https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2025.01.046. [Google Scholar]
- Altadill, D, Segarra A, Blanch E, Juan JM, Paznukhov VV, et al. 2020. A method for real-time identification and tracking of traveling ionospheric disturbances using ionosonde data: first results. J Space Weather Space Clim 10: 2. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019042. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, D, Anghel A, Yumoto K, Ishitsuka M, Kudeki E. 2002. Estimating daytime vertical ExB drift velocities in the equatorial F-region using ground-based magnetometer observations. Geophys Res Lett 29(12): 37–31. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014562. [Google Scholar]
- Appleton, E, Ingram L. 1935. Magnetic storms and upper-atmospheric ionisation. Nature 136(3440): 548–549. https://doi.org/10.1038/136548b0. [Google Scholar]
- Astafyeva, E, Zakharenkova I, Förster M. 2015. Ionospheric response to the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day storm: a global multi-instrumental overview. J Geophys Res Space Physics 120(10): 9023–9037. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021629. [Google Scholar]
- Babu Sree Harsha P, Venkata Ratnam D, Lavanya Nagasri M, Sridhar M, Padma Raju K. 2020. Kriging-based ionospheric TEC, ROTI and amplitude scintillation index (S4) maps for India. IET Radar Sonar Navig 14(11): 1827–1836. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2020.0202. [Google Scholar]
- Behzadpour, S, Mayer-Gürr T, Krauss S. 2021. GRACE follow-on accelerometer data recovery. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 126(5): e2020JB021297. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021297. [Google Scholar]
- Berkner, L, Wells H, Seaton S. 1939. Ionospheric effects associated with magnetic disturbances. Terr Magn Atm Electr 44(3): 283–311. https://doi.org/10.1029/TE044i003p00283. [Google Scholar]
- Blanc, M, Richmond A. 1980. The ionospheric disturbance dynamo. J Geophys Res Space Physics 85(A4): 1669–1686. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA085iA04p01669. [Google Scholar]
- Borovsky, JE, Denton MH. 2006. Differences between CME-driven storms and CIR-driven storms. J Geophys Res Space Physics 111(A7): A07S08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011447. [Google Scholar]
- Bowman, G. 1965. Travelling disturbances associated with ionospheric storms. J Atm Terrestrial Phys 27(11–12): 1247–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(65)90085-1. [Google Scholar]
- Bremer, J, Cander LR, Mielich J, Stamper R. 2006. Derivation and test of ionospheric activity indices from real-time ionosonde observations in the European region. J Atm Solar-Terrestrial Phys 68(18): 2075–2090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.07.003. [Google Scholar]
- Buonsanto, MJ. 1999. Ionospheric storms – a review. Space Sci Rev 88(3): 563–601. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005107532631. [Google Scholar]
- Campuzano, SA, Delgado-Gómez F, Migoya-Orué Y, Rodríguez-Caderot G, Herraiz-Sarachaga M, et al. 2023. Study of ionosphere irregularities over the Iberian Peninsula during two moderate geomagnetic storms using GNSS and Ionosonde Observations. Atmosphere 14(2): 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020233. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Cesaroni, C, Spogli L, Aragon-Angel A, Fiocca M, Dear V, et al. 2020. Neural network based model for global total electron content forecasting. J Space Weather Space Clim 10: 11. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020013. [Google Scholar]
- Cherniak, I, Zakharenkova I. 2017. New advantages of the combined GPS and GLONASS observations for high-latitude ionospheric irregularities monitoring: case study of June 2015 geomagnetic storm. Earth Planets Space 69: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0652-0. [Google Scholar]
- Christensen, A, Paxton L, Avery S, Craven J, Crowley G, et al. 2003. Initial observations with the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) in the NASA TIMED satellite mission. J Geophys Res Space Physics 108(A12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009918. [Google Scholar]
- Eastes, R, McClintock WE, Burns A, Anderson D, Andersson L, et al. 2017. The global-scale observations of the limb and disk (GOLD) mission. Space Sci Rev 212, 383–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0392-2. [Google Scholar]
- Evans, JS, Correira J, Lumpe JD, Eastes R, Gan Q, et al. 2024. GOLD observations of the thermospheric response to the 10–12 May 2024 Gannon superstorm. Geophys Res Lett 51(16): e2024GL110506. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110506. [Google Scholar]
- Fejer, BG, Jensen JW, and Su SY. 2008. Seasonal and longitudinal dependence of equatorial disturbance vertical plasma drifts. Geophys Res Lett 35(20). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035584. [Google Scholar]
- Fejer, BG, Scherliess L. 1997. Empirical models of storm time equatorial zonal electric fields. J Geophys Res Space Physics 102(A11): 24047–24056. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA02164. [Google Scholar]
- Flechtner, F, Morton P, Watkins M, Webb F. 2014. Status of the GRACE follow-on mission. In Gravity, geoid and height systems: Proceedings of the IAG Symposium GGHS2012, October 9-12, 2012, Venice, Italy, 117–121. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10837-7_9. [Google Scholar]
- Förster, M, Jakowski N. 2000. Geomagnetic storm effects on the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere: a compact tutorial and new results. Surv Geophys 21: 47–87. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006775125220. [Google Scholar]
- Fuller-Rowell, T, Codrescu M, Moffett R, Quegan S. 1994. Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res Space Physics 99(A3): 3893–3914. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02015. [Google Scholar]
- Fuller-Rowell, TJ, Codrescu MV, Rishbeth H, Moffett RJ, Quegan S. 1996. On the seasonal response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res Space Physics 101(A2): 2343–2353. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA01614. [Google Scholar]
- Gan, Q, Eastes RW, Wu YJ, Qian L, Cai X, et al. 2024. Thermospheric responses to the 3 and 4 November 2021 geomagnetic storm during the main and recovery phases as observed by NASA’s GOLD and ICON missions. Geophys Res Lett. 51(1): e2023GL106529. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106529. [Google Scholar]
- Garner, T, Gaussiran Ii T, Tolman B, Harris R, Calfas R, et al. 2008. Total electron content measurements in ionospheric physics. Adv Space Res 42(4): 720–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2008.02.025. [Google Scholar]
- Gil, A, Asvestari E, Mishev A, Larsen N, Usoskin I. 2024. New anisotropic cosmic-ray enhancement (ACRE) event on 5 November 2023 due to complex heliospheric conditions. Sol Phys 299: 97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-024-02338-3. [Google Scholar]
- Gjerloev, J. 2012. The SuperMAG data processing technique. J Geophys Res Space Physics 117(A9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017683. [Google Scholar]
- Grandin, M, Aikio A, Kozlovsky A, Ulich T, Raita T. 2015. Effects of solar wind high-speed streams on the high-latitude ionosphere: superposed epoch study. J Geophys Res Space Physics 120(12): 10–669. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021785. [Google Scholar]
- Gulyaeva, T, Stanislawska I. 2008. Derivation of a planetary ionospheric storm index. In Annales Geophysicae 26: 2645–2648. Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2645-2008. [Google Scholar]
- Hernandez-Pajares, M, Juan J, Sanz J. 1999. New approaches in global ionospheric determination using ground GPS data. J Atmos Solar-Terrestrial Phys 61(16): 1237–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(99)00054-1. [Google Scholar]
- Hernandez-Pajares, M, Juan J, Sanz J, Aragon-Angel A. 2012. Propagation of medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at different latitudes and solar cycle conditions. Radio Sci 47(06), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004951. [Google Scholar]
- Hernandez-Pajares, M, Juan J, Sanz J, Orus R, Garcia-Rigo A, et al. 2009. The IGS VTEC maps: a reliable source of ionospheric information since 1998. J Geod, 83, 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-008-0266-1. [Google Scholar]
- Hernandez-Pajares, M, Lyu H, Aragon-Angel À, Monte-Moreno E, Liu J, et al. 2020. Polar electron content from GPS data-based global ionospheric maps: assessment, case studies, and climatology. J Geophys Res Space Physics 125(6): e2019JA027677. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027677. [Google Scholar]
- Hładczuk, N, van den IJssel J, Kodikara T, Siemes C, Visser P. 2024. GRACE-FO radiation pressure modelling for accurate density and crosswind retrieval. Adv Space Res 73(5): 2355–2373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.12.059. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Huang, CS, Sazykin S, Chau JL, Maruyama N, Kelley MC. 2007. Penetration electric fields: efficiency and characteristic time scale. J Atm Solar-Terrestrial Phys, 69(10-11): 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.016. [Google Scholar]
- Jakowski, N, Borries C, Wilken V. 2012. Introducing a disturbance ionosphere index. Radio Sci, 47(04), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004939. [Google Scholar]
- Kelley, MC, Makela JJ, de La Beaujardière O, Retterer J. 2011. Convective ionospheric storms: a review. Rev Geophys, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000340. [Google Scholar]
- Kikuchi, T, Ebihara Y, Hashimoto K, Kataoka R, Hori T, et al. 2010. Penetration of the convection and overshielding electric fields to the equatorial ionosphere during a quasiperiodic DP 2 geomagnetic fluctuation event. J Geophys Res Space Physics 115(A5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013948. [Google Scholar]
- Kikuchi, T, Hashimoto KK, Nozaki K. 2008. Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res Space Physics 113(A6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012628. [Google Scholar]
- Kikuchi, T, Lühr H, Kitamura T, Saka O, Schlegel K. 1996. Direct penetration of the polar electric field to the equator during a DP 2 event as detected by the auroral and equatorial magnetometer chains and the EISCAT radar. J Geophys Res Space Physics 101(A8): 17161–17173. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA01299. [Google Scholar]
- Krasuski, K, Wierzbicki D. 2020. Monitoring aircraft position using EGNOS data for the SBAS APV approach to the landing procedure. Sensors, 20(7): 1945. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071945. [Google Scholar]
- Krishna, KS, Ratnam DV. 2020. Determination of NavIC differential code biases using GPS and NavIC observations. Geodesy Geodynam 11(2): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2020.01.001. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Q, Hernández-Pajares M, Lyu H, Nishioka M, Yang H, et al. 2021. Ionospheric storm scale index based on high time resolution UPC-IonSAT global ionospheric maps (IsUG). Space Weather 19(11): e2021SW002853. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021SW002853. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Q, Hernández-Pajares M, Yang H, Monte-Moreno E, García-Rigo A, et al. 2022. A new way of estimating the spatial and temporal components of the vertical total electron content gradient based on UPC-IonSAT Global Ionosphere Maps. Space Weather: e2021SW002926. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021SW002926. [Google Scholar]
- Lloyd, H., 1874. A treatise on magnetism: general and terrestrial. Longmans, Green, and Company. [Google Scholar]
- Long, F, Gao C, Dong Y, Xu Z. 2024. An EOF-based global plasmaspheric electron content model and its potential role in vertical-slant TEC conversion. Remote Sens 16(11): 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111857. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, G, Huba J, Valladares C. 2013. Modeling ionospheric super-fountain effect based on the coupled TIMEGCM-SAMI3. J Geophys Res Space Physics 118(5): 2527–2535. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50256. [Google Scholar]
- Maeda, S, Handa S. 1980. Transmission of large-scale TIDs in the ionospheric F2-region. J Atmos Terrestrial Phys, 42(9-10): 853–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(80)90089-6. [Google Scholar]
- Mannucci, A, Tsurutani B, Iijima B, Komjathy A, Saito A, et al. 2005. Dayside global ionospheric response to the major interplanetary events of October 29–30, 2003 Halloween Storms. Geophys Res Lett 32(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021467. [Google Scholar]
- Mannucci, A, Wilson B, Yuan D, Ho C, Lindqwister U, et al. 1998. A global mapping technique for GPS-derived ionospheric total electron content measurements. Radio Sci 33(3): 565–582. https://doi.org/10.1029/97RS02707. [Google Scholar]
- Matzka, J, Stolle C, Yamazaki Y, Bronkalla O, Morschhauser A. 2021. The geomagnetic Kp index and derived indices of geomagnetic activity. Space Weather, 19(5): e2020SW002641. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020SW002641. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Mayaud, PN. 1980. Derivation, meaning, and use of geomagnetic indices. Geophys Monogr Series, 22. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM022. [Google Scholar]
- McClintock, WE, Eastes RW, Hoskins AC, Siegmund OH, McPhate JB, et al. 2020. Global-scale observations of the limb and disk mission implementation: 1. Instrument design and early flight performance. J Geophys Res Space Physics 125(5): e2020JA027797. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027797. [Google Scholar]
- Meier, R, Picone J, Drob D, Bishop J, Emmert J, et al. 2015. Remote sensing of Earth’s limb by TIMED/GUVI: retrieval of thermospheric composition and temperature. Earth Space Sci 2(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EA000035. [Google Scholar]
- Mendillo, M. 2006. Storms in the ionosphere: patterns and processes for total electron content. Rev Geophys 44(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000193. [Google Scholar]
- Nava, B, Rodríguez-Zuluaga J, Alazo-Cuartas K, Kashcheyev A, Migoya-Orué Y, et al. 2016. Middle-and low-latitude ionosphere response to 2015 St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res Space Physics 121(4): 3421–3438. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022299. [Google Scholar]
- Nishida, A. 1968. Coherence of geomagnetic DP 2 fluctuations with interplanetary magnetic variations. J Geophys Res 73(17): 5549–5559. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA073i017p05549. [Google Scholar]
- Nishioka, M, Tsugawa T, Jin H, Ishii M. 2017. A new ionospheric storm scale based on TEC and foF2 statistics. Space Weather, 15(1): 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001536. [Google Scholar]
- Nykiel, G, Cahuasquí JA, Hoque MM, Jakowski N. 2024a. Relationship between GIX, SIDX, and ROTI ionospheric indices and GNSS precise positioning results under geomagnetic storms. GPS Solut, 28(2): 69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01611-5. [Google Scholar]
- Nykiel, G, Ferreira A, Günzkofer F, Iochem P, Tasnim S, et al. 2024b. Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over the European sector during the geomagnetic storm on March 23–24, 2023: energy deposition in the source regions and the propagation characteristics. J Geophys Res Space Physics 129(3): e2023JA032,145. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA032145. [Google Scholar]
- Poedts, S, Lani A, Scolini C, Verbeke C, Wijsen N, et al. 2020. EUropean heliospheric FORecasting information asset 2.0. J Space Weather Space Clim 10: 57. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020047. [Google Scholar]
- Porayko, NK, Mevius M, Hernández-Pajares M, Tiburzi C, Olivares Pulido G, et al. 2023. Validation of global ionospheric models using long-term observations of pulsar Faraday rotation with the LOFAR radio telescope. J Geod 97(12): 116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01806-1. [Google Scholar]
- Prölss, G, Očko M. 2000. Propagation of upper atmospheric storm effects towards lower latitudes. Adv Space Res 26(1): 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(99)01039-X. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Prölss, GW. 2008. Ionospheric storms at mid-latitude: a short review. in Midlatitude Ionospheric Dynamics and Disturbances, edited by P. M. Kintner Jr., A. J. Coster, T. Fuller-Rowell, A. J. Mannucci, M. Mendillo, and R. A. Heelis. Geophys Monogr Series 181: 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1029/181GM03. [Google Scholar]
- Prölss, GW. 2011. Density perturbations in the upper atmosphere caused by the dissipation of solar wind energy. Surv Geophys 32: 101–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-010-9104-0. [Google Scholar]
- Richmond, A, Peymirat C, Roble R. 2003. Long-lasting disturbances in the equatorial ionospheric electric field simulated with a coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere model. J Geophys Res Space Physics 108(A3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009758. [Google Scholar]
- Rishbeth, H. 1998. How the thermospheric circulation affects the ionospheric F2-layer. J Atm Solar-Terrestrial Phys 60(14): 1385–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00062-5. [Google Scholar]
- Roma-Dollase, D, Hernández-Pajares M, Krankowski A, Kotulak K, Ghoddousi-Fard R, et al. 2018. Consistency of seven different GNSS global ionospheric mapping techniques during one solar cycle. J Geod 92(6): 691–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-017-1088-9. [Google Scholar]
- Rout, D, Kumar A, Singh R, Patra S, Karan D, et al. 2025. Evidence of unusually strong equatorial ionization anomaly at three local time sectors during the mother’s day geomagnetic storm on 10–11 May 2024. Geophys Res Lett 52(2): e2024GL111269. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111269. [Google Scholar]
- Scherliess, L, Fejer BG. 1997. Storm time dependence of equatorial disturbance dynamo zonal electric fields. J Geophys Res Space Physics 102(A11): 24037–24046. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA02165. [Google Scholar]
- Segarra, A, Altadill D, de Paula V, Navas-Portella V. 2024. Catalogue LSTID. https://doi.org/10.34810/data1383. [Google Scholar]
- Siemes, C, Borries C, Bruinsma S, Fernandez-Gomez I, Hładczuk N, et al. 2023. New thermosphere neutral mass density and crosswind datasets from CHAMP, GRACE, and GRACE-FO. J Space Weather Space Clim 13: 16. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2023014. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, J, Kast A, Geraschenko A, Morton YJ, Brenner MP, et al. 2024. Mapping the ionosphere with millions of phones. Nature 635(8038): 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08072-x. [Google Scholar]
- Tedd, B, Morgan M. 1985. TID observations at spaced geographic locations. J Geophys Res Space Physics 90(A12): 12307–12319. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA090iA12p12307. [Google Scholar]
- Tsagouri, I, Belehaki A, Koutroumbas K, Tziotziou K, Herekakis T. 2023. Identification of large-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) based on Digisonde observations. Atmosphere 14(2): 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020331. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Tsurutani, B, Verkhoglyadova O, Mannucci A, Araki T, Sato A, et al. 2007. Oxygen ion uplift and satellite drag effects during the 30 October 2003 daytime superfountain event. In Annales Geophysicae, vol. 25, 569–574. Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-569-2007. [Google Scholar]
- Venkatesh, K, Patra A, Balan N, Fagundes P, Tulasi Ram S, et al. 2019. Superfountain effect linked with 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm manifesting distinct F3 layer. J Geophys Res Space Physics 124(7): 6127–6137. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026721. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C, Min X, Hu H. 2025. An ionospheric disturbed index based on ROTI. Space Weather 23(6): e2025SW004445. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025SW004445. [Google Scholar]
- Wielgosz, P, Milanowska B, Krypiak-Gregorczyk A, Jarmołowski W. 2021. Validation of GNSS-derived global ionosphere maps for different solar activity levels: case studies for years 2014 and 2018. GPS Solut 25(3): 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01142-x. [Google Scholar]
- Wilken, V, Kriegel M, Jakowski N, Berdermann J. 2018. An ionospheric index suitable for estimating the degree of ionospheric perturbations. J Space Weather Space Clim 8: A19. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018008. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
- Wu, Q, Zhang P, Sun M, Liu S, Wang H, Chen S. 2021. Performance evaluation of GIMs released by different IGS ionosphere associate analysis centers in ionospheric constrained single-frequency precise point positioning. Adv Space Res 68(12): 4834–4856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.12.006. [Google Scholar]
- Xi, H, Jiang H, An J, Cheng N, Bai T, et al. 2024. Determining the optimal thin layer height for single-station ionospheric modeling and its influence on the estimation of DCB. GPS Solut 28(3): 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-024-01679-7. [Google Scholar]
- Xiong, C, Lühr H, Fejer BG. 2015. Global features of the disturbance winds during storm time deduced from CHAMP observations. J Geophys Res Space Physics 120(6): 5137–5150. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021302. [Google Scholar]
- Xiong, C, Lühr H, Fejer BG. 2016. The response of equatorial electrojet, vertical plasma drift, and thermospheric zonal wind to enhanced solar wind input. J Geophys Res Space Physics 121(6): 5653–5663. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022133. [Google Scholar]
- Yamazaki, Y, Matzka J, Stolle C, Kervalishvili G, Rauberg J, et al. 2022. Geomagnetic activity index Hpo. Geophys Res Lett 49(10): e2022GL098860. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098860. [Google Scholar]
- Yasyukevich, Y, Astafyeva E, Padokhin A, Ivanova V, Syrovatskii S, et al. 2018. The 6 September 2017 X-class solar flares and their impacts on the ionosphere, GNSS, and HF radio wave propagation. Space Weather 16(8): 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001932. [Google Scholar]
- Younas, W, Amory-Mazaudier C, Khan M, Amaechi PO. 2023. Climatology of global, hemispheric and regional electron content variations during the solar cycles 23 and 24. Adv Space Res 71(1): 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2022.07.029. [Google Scholar]
- Younas, W, Amory-Mazaudier C, Khan M, Fleury R. 2020. Ionospheric and magnetic signatures of a space weather event on 25–29 August 2018: CME and HSSWs. J Geophys Res Space Physics 125(8): e2020JA027981. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027981. [Google Scholar]
- Younas, W, Khan M, Amory-Mazaudier C, Amaechi PO, Fleury R. 2022. Middle and low latitudes hemispheric asymmetries in O/N2 and TEC during intense magnetic storms of solar cycle 24. Adv Space Res 69(1): 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.10.027. [Google Scholar]
- Zakharenkova, I, Astafyeva E, Cherniak I. 2016. GPS and GLONASS observations of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances during the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day storm. J Geophys Res Space Physics 121(12): 12–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023332. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Q, Zhao Q. 2019. Analysis of the data processing strategies of spherical harmonic expansion model on global ionosphere mapping for moderate solar activity. Adv Space Res 63(3): 1214–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.10.031. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, YL, Lühr H, Xiong C, Pfaff RF. 2016. Ionospheric storm effects and equatorial plasma irregularities during the 17–18 March 2015 event. J Geophys Res Space Physics 121(9): 9146–9163. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023122. [Google Scholar]
- Zhukov, AV, Yasyukevich YV, Bykov AE. 2021. GIMLi: Global Ionospheric total electron content model based on machine learning. GPS Solut 25(1): 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01055-1. [Google Scholar]
- Zou, S, Moldwin MB, Ridley AJ, Nicolls MJ, Coster AJ, et al. 2014. On the generation/decay of the storm-enhanced density plumes: role of the convection flow and field-aligned ion flow. J Geophys Res Space Physics 119(10): 8543–8559. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020408. [Google Scholar]
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.
