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Fig. S1.2:

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UQRG VTEC keograms for the American (a), European (b) and Australian (c) sectors during the period of the study. In the American sector, a notable superfountain effect was formed around 18-20 UT on 5 November (during the storm’s main phase consistent with PPEF action). In the Australian sector, one could observe merging of the EIA crests in the recovery phase of the storm, consistent with thermospheric changes (strongly depleted O/N2 ratios in the region).

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